Cognitive Aging Through A Variety Of Theories - 1432 Words

Research has attempted to explain cognitive aging through a variety of theories. Each of these theories believes that it can encapsulate all the changes that occur in cognition as individual’s age. Some of these cognitive aging theories include executive function, speed of processing, inhibition and frontal lobe theory. This paper will examine each theory along with the supporting research. Furthermore this paper will attempt to draw a conclusion on which theory or explanation best explains cognitive aging. The first theory that aims to explain cognitive aging is executive functioning or executive control. Executive functioning tends to become entangled with speed of processing across the literature. However, it should be noted that executive function encompasses many complex tasks and cognitive facets. A study done by C.T Albinet et al. (2012) tried to identify the key elements of executive functioning thus allowing it to stand-alone. Albinet et al. (2012) identified that executive functioning is the ability to create goals, â€Å"planning, action sequences monitoring, mental flexibility, inhibition updating working memory† (Albinet et al, 2012, pg.2). Essentially executive functioning is higher level everyday functioning. A study done by Cepeda, Blackwell Munakata (2013) suggests that executive function is needed behind many tasks that may be considered part of speed of processing. An example the study (Cepeda, Blackwell, Munakata, 2013) provided was in young childrenShow M oreRelatedEffects of Aging on Cognitive Development898 Words   |  4 PagesEffects of Aging on Cognitive Development Daphney Walker PSYCH/640 May 5, 2014 Holly Berry Effects of Aging on Cognitive Development Aging is a natural process of life however, studies show that there are some age-related decline in cognitive development. As a person grows older some brain cell dies, shrink, or weaken and cause some decline in brain functions. Some cognitive processes include attention, working memory, long-term memory, perception, and executive control. The material willRead MoreA Clinical Case Study On Mild Cognitive Impairment Essay1409 Words   |  6 Pagesmajor changes in the way our brains work may be signs of cognitive changes. This essay showcases a clinical case study on Mild Cognitive Impairment. It describes the process of cognitive development according to theorist Jean Piaget. It overviews the three basic cognitive function of the brain. It explains several cognitive impairments related to the elderly. Last, it details cognitive assessment used to detection and measurement of cognitive impairments in the elderly. Case Study A 78-year-oldRead MoreDevelopmental Stage Analysis1644 Words   |  7 Pagesyear old Ben who is beginning the toilet training process. And my second client Jake who is forty- five years old and is feeling unappreciated, Jake has recently purchased a corvette after driving a truck for the last twenty years. Ben is going through the Preoperational stage. During this time, children start using language to explore and understand their worlds (rather than relying primarily on sensory and motor activities). In this stage, children ask questions and use symbolic thinking. TheyRead MoreCognitive Behavior Therapy1349 Words   |  6 PagesCognitive Behavior Therapy Developed by Dr. Aaron T. Beck,  Cognitive Therapy (CT), or Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT), is a form of psychotherapy in which the therapist and the client work together as a team to identify and solve problems. Therapists help clients to overcome their difficulties by changing their thinking, behavior, and emotional responses. A System of Psychotherapy Cognitive therapy is a comprehensive system of psychotherapy, and treatment is based on an elaborated and empiricallyRead MoreThe Number Of Adults Over The Age Of 651551 Words   |  7 Pagesbeing unable to live independently. The common age-related changes include hearing impairment, weakening in vision, arthritis, hypertension, heart disease, diabetes, and osteoporosis. The most extreme impairment is when older adults experience cognitive changes that are associated with mental processing. (citation) The need for assistance and information for senior citizen continues to increase. There are resources that are offered by the federal government, area agencies, and non-profit organizationsRead MoreDevelopmental Psychology1198 Words   |  5 Pagespath of the average life span. Originally concerned with infants and young children, the field has extended to include adolescence, adult development, the aging, and the entire life span. This field of study scrutinizes adjustments across an extensive variety of subjects including motor skills and other psycho-physiological processes; cognitive development involving areas such as moral understanding, problem solving, and conceptual understanding; language acquisition; personality, social, and emotionalRead MoreSunscreen And The World Of Sunscreen1578 Words   |  7 Pagesof Wearing Sunscreen Sunscreen per Be Health and Relax (2009) is a product that contains a blocker that protects the skin from UVA and UVB rays. The former type of rays cause sunburn, while the latter damages the skin and is a strong cause of skin aging at a premature level. Sunscreens have what is known as an SPF, or sun protection factor. In order to be effective, each sunscreen product should have one of at least 30+. Sunscreens that individual consumers should purchase should have at a minimumRead MoreSocial Development And Journey Towards Autonomy876 Words   |  4 Pagescommunication can be present in a variety of happy partnerships. The life coarse theory says that social –cultural timing has a huge impact on people s lives and transitional choices. At this point in the photo collage, I start to speculate what my life will be like. The next stage in our lives is having children and starting our family. Two major theories begin to explain the next stages in my development, Erikson s Theory and Social Clock theory. These two theories effect cognitive changes related to earlyRead MoreReflection Paper On Aging1710 Words   |  7 Pagesthe embodied aging and experience by creating a storyline based on the character, Billy, shared the good news of him finally proposing to his much younger girlfriend with his dearest friends and wanted them to be supportive in his decision-making. All four friends decided to escape from their daily lives a couple of days in order to throw a bachelor party together for Billy in Las Vegas (Last Vegas, 2013). They have been best friends since childhood, yet have experienced a different aging journey (LastRead MoreThe Woman Of A Nurse1740 Words   |  7 Pageschurch every day of the week, appears to be very grandmotherly and she looks impressively good for her age. The gender that she expresses is female. Her speaking level is intelligent, with an overall proper use of grammar, correct enunciation, and a variety of words of phrases. Her hearing is mostly all there, though she had a little trouble hearing some of my questions, and she responded in a fair amount of time when a question was asked. I would determine her functionality as plenty sufficient, although

Effects Of Depression During Pregnancy On Children Essay

In a recent meta-analysis of 28 articles regarding depression during pregnancy, Gavin et al. found that up to 13% of women experience depressive episodes at some point during pregnancy or within the first year postpartum. The prenatal period is a very important time for the growth of the offspring, therefore a range of exposures can have long-term changes. Not only will it have immediate effects on the fetus, the impact of a woman’s mental state has been found to have lasting effects up to childhood and adolescence (Kinsella, 2013). The mental state of the mother causes a chain of hormones to be released if stressed. Once a mother is stressed, the fetus activities decrease and are less responsive to stimulants. Due to stress hormones, the fetuses have low birth weight and are at a higher risk of preterm delivery. Prenatal depression has been noted to be able to predict the likelihood of postpartum depression from hormones such as low dopamine. Depression during pregnancy negat ively affects the development of offspring. One of the first studies on prenatal depression showed that fetuses of depressed mothers had less total movement, and had a higher heart rate than a fetus of a woman who was not depressed (Field, 2010). Fetuses of women suffering from depression have shown to have a higher base heart rate, a delayed response to stimulus, increased fetal activity, different sleep patterns and a longer recovery time back to the base heart rate which indicates an impact on theShow MoreRelatedPrevalence Of Depression Among Pregnant Women1465 Words   |  6 PagesPrevalence of depression among pregnant women is higher than many think. If a woman is depressed during her pregnancy it is important for her to seek help. It is more dangerous for her and her baby if she does not seek help. There are multiple antidepressants available for women to take during their pregnancy. Some examples of antidepressants available are tricyclic, fluoxetine, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).7 Selective ser otonin reuptake inhibitors are the most popular antidepressantsRead MoreDepression And Anxiety786 Words   |  4 PagesSymptoms of depression and anxiety are common during pregnancy and greatly effect a women’s health behaviors. The impact of women’s mental health on alcohol use is very significant to examine as prenatal alcohol use, which is common and can have serious negative consequences for the evolving fetus. Elevated symptoms of depression and anxiety can increase risk for binge drinking during pregnancy. Alcohol use during pregnancy may be associated with extremely detrimental effects for the developing fetusRead MorePostpartum Depression : Symptoms And Treatments Essay1101 Words   |  5 PagesDepression Postpartum in United States According to Merriam Webster Dictionary, depression is â€Å"a psychoneurotic or psychotic disorder marked especially by sadness, inactivity, difficulty in thinking and concentration, a significant increase or decrease in appetite and time spent sleeping, feelings of dejection and hopelessness, and sometimes suicidal tendencies.† According to the definition of the fourth version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), postpartum depressionRead MoreThe Maternal Depression During Pregnancy Essay1120 Words   |  5 PagesMATERNAL DEPRESSION DURING PREGNANCY Sasha Safi 20122595 Notre Dame University PSL 310 Dr. Lara El Khatib January, 7, 2016 MATERNAL DEPRESSION DURING PREGNANCY When pregnant especially for the first time many women inform themselves on things they can do that are beneficial for the growth and development of their baby and things they should avoid or not do since it can be dangerous for their baby such as smokingRead MoreThe Trauma That Young Girls Experience When Faced With An Unplanned Pregnancy Essay1476 Words   |  6 Pagesexperience when faced with an unplanned pregnancy. Not only does pregnancy physically take a toll on a woman’s body, but also being pregnant under the age of 19 with a shaken view of the future can significantly heighten depression, anxiety, and stress for the mother and the baby. This paper aims to highlight the effects of these types of trauma within pregnancy, the most effective forms of treatment, and the influences that these types of trauma would have on the pregnancy itself without the interventionRead MoreThe Role Of Literature Of Maternal Depression During Prenatal Stages1110 Words   |  5 Pages Evaluating the Relationship of Literature of Maternal Depression during Prenatal Stages. Depression can occur at any time. We often hear talk of postpartum depression or the baby blues, which occurs shortly after the birth of a baby. Though we rarely discuss depression that occurs during pregnancy or prenatal depression. There are estimates that as many as 70% of women will experience symptoms of depression during pregnancy, making it a widespread concern. However, these depressive symptoms areRead MoreExposure To Social Violence1134 Words   |  5 Pagesdemonstrate that exposure to social violence, which happened during the first 18 years of a woman’s life, influence her later life and wellbeing including her reproductive health, pointed out in our analysis as preterm birth, low birth weight, and acute fetal distress. The more social ACEs that women experienced, the greater were their risks of presenting adverse pregnancy outcomes. Our results showed that exposure to social ACEs and negative pregnancy outcomes (low birth weight and fetal distress) were notRead M oreThe Effects Of Depression On Pregnancy And The Postpartum Period758 Words   |  4 PagesDepression is more common in women than in men across all age groups and cultural backgrounds with a female to male ratio of 1.68 (Kessler et al. 1993). Women are at their greatest risk of suffering from depression during the childbearing years. Currently, up to 20% of the pregnant women population are prescribed an antidepressant during pregnancy (Pawluski JL), and others may become pregnant while on one. According to Mourilhe and Stokes (1998), only one in 20 depressed patients are diagnosed andRead MoreMaternal Depression And Its Effects On Many Individuals1384 Words   |  6 Pages Introduction Maternal depression can have effects on many individuals. It is a disorder that can have ramifications on women, men, children, and families. Maternal depression is not a disorder that just happens postnatal , this diagnosis can occur in the prenatal stages. It s estimated that 1 in 10 pregnant women and 13 percent of new mothers experience depression. Maternal depression is a mood disorder that begins before or immediately after childbirth. It affects a mother or fathers abilityRead MoreEssay On Fight For Women Health863 Words   |  4 Pagesextraordinary. During pregnancy, the hormones can change the way a woman can act, think, or feel. For some, one of those symptoms could be depression. Antenatal depression is a form of depression that can affect a woman during her pregnancy. In an article, Pregnancy Blues Can Be Crippling, it states that â€Å"one in seven women experience depression during pregnancy or within 12 months of delivery.† Many women suffer through this and they can never really tell if its serious depression or just

Sustainability Approach of Wal-Mart

Questions: 1) Impact of sustainability approach by Wal-Mart.2) Reason behind improving performance when retail outlets have been suffering financially.3) Identification of Wal-Marts key stakeholders and recent approaches to improve social responsibility.4) The social responsibility of business is to increase its profits for the statement.5) Explanation of two other companies that have reputation of socially responsible to their stakeholders and being profitable. Answers: 1) Impact of sustainability approach by Wal-Mart Wal-Mart has made considerable approaches towards making it a greener company and to improve its image by making a sustainable approach towards the society. Some of the sustainable approaches made by the company include attempt to make sustainability 360 by reducing the use of greenhouse gases. Designing of new prototypes for developing and implementing innovative energy-efficient technology in the existing stores of Wal-Mart was an approach made towards sustainability (Berman Evans, 2013). In 2005, the company was opened to violation of safe environmental practices by the US Attorneys office in California due to the concerns related to recycling of their product. Approach made by the company to recycle the products and create sustainability has created positive impact in the society. Selling of products at a much lower rate leading to annual savings of at least $950 per person had increased the sale of the products of the company (Ferrell, Fraedrich Ferrell, 2013). Although the co mpany faced a number of ethical issues regarding the misconduct of the illegal immigration and exploiting the labor force, the sustainability approach has helped to improve the image of the company. 2) Reason behind improving performance when retail outlets have been suffering financially It has been recognized that Wal-Mart was a growing company and remained the largest and the most dominating retail organization. The company was the largest nongovernment employer in the United States, Canada and Mexico. The company has been rewarded as the most admired company by Fortune. The company has been utilizing the labor force unethically. Wal-Mart had appointed 250 illegal immigrants as cleaning crews in 61 stores in 21 states (Ferrell, Fraedrich Ferrell, 2013). These employees were employed at a much lower wage and work as seven days a week. These approaches have reduced the logistic and supply chain management costs. This has helped the company to offer products at a lower rate to the customers that was not possible for other local retail shops. It was due to the low price of the product that attracted more customers and helped them to improve their performance (Ferrell Fraedrich, 2015). The pricing policy was the major factor that was responsible for the mixed success of the company. There has been low-cost production that reduced the packaging cost by at least 5% that has also reduced the manufacturing cost for the retail company and therefore, they could supply the products at a lower cost (Ferrell, Fraedrich Ferrell, 2013). These were the basic reasons behind the continuous success of the retail company in spite being at a financial stake. 3) Identification of Wal-Marts key stakeholders and recent approaches to improve social responsibility Wal-Mart has majority of its business in China. It is the largest employer in USA. The major stakeholders of the company that are depended on Wal-Mart for their business are Clorox (23%), Revlon (22%) and Kelloggs (12%) (Ferrell, Fraedrich Ferrell, 2013). Certain approaches made by the company to improve their relationship with the stakeholders include encouraging of part-time jobs that have benefitted the company in a way that encouraged the performance of the employees. With this approach, Susan Chamber, the vice-president of the company has been able to encourage the employees of the company. Sam Walton supported the open-door policy that encouraged the employees to come up with their problems without resorting to any third party. In order to improve the condition of the employees regarding meal breaks the managers of the retail company altered the time card to prevent any kind of overtime. In fact, Wal-Mart agreed to pay $640 million to settle the lawsuits regarding the employee disputes. These approaches helped the retail company to create a positive image among the employees as well as the other stakeholders of the company. 4) The social responsibility of business is to increase its profits for the statement Social responsibility helps to create a positive image of the company among the society. Social responsibility creates a respect among the people for the company. It enhances employee loyalty and that in turn improves the efficiency of business operation. Social responsibilities create a positive image among the stakeholders that in turn makes them happier and helps to enhance companys stock price. In the view point of Ferrell, Fraedrich and Ferrell, (2013), producing high quality products or treating the employees correctly and not focusing primarily into profit will avoid any kind of law suits or employee turnover that will ultimately results in profitability of the business. Employee satisfaction is one of the key components for the sustainability of a business. Therefore, by involving certain approaches to measure the satisfactory level of the employees, balancing the profitability of the business can be done easily. 5) Explanation of two other companies that have reputation of socially responsible to their stakeholders and being profitable McDonald, the fast food giant and Volkswagen, the car manufacturer are the two companies that have showed their implication towards a social responsibility. Major approaches made by McDonald are using of eco friendly packaging with 100% fiber packaging. The company has joined hands with White House of USA to maintain the global climatic condition. In terms of beef burger, the company has ensured that beef sustainability shall be the priority for the company (Oates, Alevizou McDonald, 2016). These approaches have created positive implication among the customers as well as in the society. Following a common set of guidelines has helped to develop best practices for the sustainability approach. In case of Volkswagen, the car manufacturer focuses greatly on environmental impact of the burning of fuels. The car manufacturer has proposed to equip their cars with sustainable engines that emit less carbon particles (Ihlen Roper, 2014). Although several questions have been raised regarding the sustainable approach made by the company, it has been a profitable business for the company for a time being (Whiteman Hoster, 2015). It can be said that sustainability approaches shall be undertaken by the companies to improve their business image in the society. References: Berman, B. R., Evans, J. R. (2013).Retail management: a strategic approach. Pearson Higher Ed. Ferrell, O. C., Fraedrich, J. (2015).Business ethics: Ethical decision making cases. Nelson Education. Ferrell, O., Fraedrich, J., Ferrell, L. (2013).Business ethics: Ethical decision making and cases(9th ed.). Mason, OH: South-Western. Ihlen, ., Roper, J. (2014). Corporate reports on sustainability and sustainable development:We have arrived.Sustainable development,22(1), 42-51. Oates, C., Alevizou, P., McDonald, S. (2016). Challenges for Marketers in Sustainable Production and Consumption.Sustainability,8(1), 75. Whiteman, G., Hoster, H. (2015). Vehicle emissions: Volkswagen and the road to Paris.Nature,527(7576), 38.

Western Civilization an Example of the Topic History Essays by

Western Civilization Western Civilization an Example of the Topic History Essays by Western Civilization Introduction Civilization also referred to as culture. According to the dictionary, the definition of culture is the custom and beliefs, art, way and social organization of a particular country or group. Culture actually is based on the traditions, lifestyle language and the day to day way of life. Culture of a particular place is usually determined by the traditions of the people and whether they interact with the person from the other communities. Western culture or western civilization is used to refer to cultures of European origin and all other cultures that are descendants. Need essay sample on "Western Civilization" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed History of western civilization Western culture is always changing, as all other cultures it has gradually changed with time, this differs from place to place and time to time. It is possible to follow the history of evolution of each group of the west, how they differ from each other, their similarities, how they contribute to other cultures and how they borrow from other cultures. Example, Greeks and Americans fall under one culture, but they act differently in regard to religions, games, education and even innovation. (Duran, 1995) Though sometime there is some contrast between the west and eastern culture, it is criticized by the difficulty to determine which culture one falls, in some ways, its not determinant of various activities, it has been transformed to more important use. Though it has descended from academic factors, it has become a crucial factor in identifying important culture differences and similarities both to individual and communities Influence of western civilization The western culture has great influence to other cultures world wide. People of all cultures both western and eastern cultures try to modernize their way of living both economically and technologically. To some extent this has gone to much to a point they threaten the welfare of human life, and this is rejected for being incompatible with the vision and the values of societies. Technology and social patterns which make up modernization were developed by the western culture. Nonetheless, much of anthropology today has shown the close links between the physical environment and daily activities and the formation of a culture (the findings of cultural ecology. (Stearns, 2003) Conclusion Western civilization has contributed to shaping of modern world. The origin of the western culture has been diversified by the wide range groups with different visions and goals. This has also contributed to urge of modernizing the world regardless of the culture. This also raises the difference in societies due to different beliefs and difference in goals. Reference: Duran, E. (1995) Native American Postcolonial Psychology Albany: State University of New York Press Stearns, P. (2003). Western Civilization in World History. New York: Routledge.

Sexual Harrasement of Women at Workplace Essay Example

Sexual Harrasement of Women at Workplace Essay The Supreme Court directive of 1997 clearly and unambiguously provides an answer to the question What is sexual harassment? . As defined in the Supreme Court guidelines (Vishakha vs. State of Rajasthan, August 1997), sexual harassment includes such unwelcome sexually determined behavior as: * Physical contact * A demand or request for sexual favors * Sexually colored remarks * Showing pornography Any other unwelcome physical, verbal or non-verbal conduct of a sexual nature, for example, leering, telling dirty jokes, making sexual remarks about a persons body, etc The Supreme Court directive provided the legitimate space for the hidden truth about SHW to surface; earlier one only heard about victim-blaming, witch-hunting and blackmailing. Now women are fighting back tooth and nail. The electronic and print media have become extremely responsive to the issue of SHW. Myths and facts about sexual harassment Myth 1: Women enjoy eve-teasing/sexual harassment. Fact: Eve-teasing/sexual harassment is humiliating, intimidating, painful and frightening. Myth 2: Eve-teasing is harmless flirtation. Women who object have no sense of humor. Fact: Behavior that is unwelcome cannot be considered harmless or funny. Sexual harassment is defined by its impact on the woman rather than the intent of the perpetrator. Myth 3: Women ask for SHW. Only women who are provocatively dressed are sexually harassed. Fact: This is the classic way of shifting blame from the harasser to the victim. Women have the right to act, dress and move around freely without the threat of attack or harassment. The most popular slogan of the womens rights movement of the past three decades has been| However we dress, wherever we go Yes means Yes and No means No. Myth 4: Women who say no actually mean yes. Fact: This is a common myth used by men to justify sexual aggression and one-sided sexual advances. We will write a custom essay sample on Sexual Harrasement of Women at Workplace specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sexual Harrasement of Women at Workplace specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sexual Harrasement of Women at Workplace specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Myth 5: Women keep quiet. That means they like it. Fact: Women keep quiet to avoid the stigma attached and retaliation from the harasser. Women are afraid that they will be accused of provoking it, of being victimized, of being called liars and made the subject of gossip. Myth 6: If women go to places where they are not welcome, they should expect sexual harassment. Fact: Discriminatory behavior and abuse is unlawful. Women have equal access to all work facilities. A safe workplace is a womans legal right. Prevention of Sexual Harassment Prevention is the best strategy for eliminating sexual harassment in the workplace. Many governments have followed the U. S. example of establishing a government agency to monitor employers policies and responses to sexual harassment and to entertain sexual harassment complaints. In legal regimes, which recognize sexual harassment as a form of sex discrimination, monitoring agencies take the form of equal opportunity commissions, agencies or ombudsmen. In addition, many legal systems encourage employers to take steps to prevent sexual harassment from occurring. These steps include communicating to employees that sexual harassment will not be condoned, establishing an effective complaint or grievance process and taking immediate action to investigate complaints made by employees. There are also actions that employees may take to try and put an end to the harassing behavior or to preserve their ability to seek legal action against the harasser or the employer. Finally, trade unions and the media can play a powerful role in preventing sexual harassment through advocacy on behalf of employee victims, the training of managers, and the encouragement of changes in views of sexually harassing conduct and the reporting of such conduct. Case study Shivaji Science teacher alleges sexual harassment by head of department TNN | Jul 3, 2013, 05. 29 AM IST NAGPUR: One of citys topmost colleges that have a rich tradition of producing meritorious students every year in state board HSC examinations has been rocked by allegation of sexual harassment. Three women lecturers from the Congress Nagar-based Shivaji Science College have knocked judiciarys doors alleging sexual harassment and victimization at workplace by head of geology department KC Shah and principal Devendra Burghate. A division bench of justices Anoop Mohta and ZA Haq issued notices to Nagpur University registrar, joint director of higher education in Nagpur, president of Shivaji Education Society, besides Burghate and Shah, asking them to file reply before July 10. The court also directed to maintain status-quo on transfer orders of petitioners issued by the secretary of Shivaji Education Society. Bhanudas Kulkarni and Tushar Mandlekar were the counsels for the petitioners. They informed the judges that Shah repeatedly humiliated assistant professor in Geology Jaya Kodate by his highly indecent and objectionable behavior. After her numerous complaints to the principal, a special investigation panel were constituted, that found him guilty. Moreover, the colleges Womens Cell, Local Management Committee (LMC) and Womens Grievance Cell also indicted him while recommending departmental action. However, the college management transferred the complainant instead of punishing the HoD. Other petitioners- Vandana Meshram and Kalpana Pawar-, who acted as panel members that indicted Shah, were allegedly threatened by the principal, who also deprived them of their legitimate rights of being appointed as heads of their respective departments. Fed up with continuous harassment, all three lodged a complaint on June 18 and 24 with Dhantoli police station while seeking protection. Kulkarni and Mandlekar contended the petitioners were subjected to sexual and mental harassment in the college, and instead of taking action against Shah, the management arbitrarily transferred them on June 25 in utmost vindictive and revengeful manner, only to teach them a lesson. Even the transfer orders were informed through SMS as petitioners had dared to raise voice against illegal activities of principal and HoD. Citing the Supreme Courts directions in famous Vishakha versus State of Rajasthan case, they argued that college management had failed to give safe, secured and protected work environment to women. The petitioners prayed for directives to NU administration to constitute internal committees to deal with cases of sexual harassment of women at workplace and setting aside their transfer orders. Laws amp; Regulations * Indian Penal Code (IPC) Section 354 * Vishaka Guidelines * Protection of Women against Sexual Harassment at Workplace Bill, 2010 * Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013 Bibliography * timesofindia. indiatimes. com †º Topics? * en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sexual_harassment * ? http://infochangeindia. org/women/analysis/a-brief-history-of-the-battle-against-sexual-harassment-at-the-workplace. html

Major General Benedict Arnold in the American Revolution

Major General Benedict Arnold in the American Revolution Benedict Arnold V was born January 14, 1741, to successful businessman Benedict Arnold III and his wife Hannah. Raised in Norwich, CT, Arnold was one of six children though only two, he and his sister Hannah, survived to adulthood. The loss of the other children led Arnolds father to alcoholism and prevented him from teaching his son the family business. First educated at a private school in Canterbury, Arnold was able to secure an apprenticeship with his cousins who operated mercantile and apothecary businesses in New Haven. In 1755, with the French Indian War raging he attempted to enlist in the militia but was stopped by his mother. Successful two years later, his company departed to relieve Fort William Henry but returned home before seeing any fighting. With the death of his mother in 1759, Arnold increasingly had to support his family due to his fathers declining condition. Three years later, his cousins loaned him the money to open an apothecary and bookstore. A skilled merchant, Arnold was able to raise the money to buy three ships in partnership with Adam Babcock. These traded profitably until the imposition of the Sugar and Stamp Acts. Pre-American Revolution Opposed to these new royal taxes, Arnold soon joined the Sons of Liberty and effectively became a smuggler as he operated outside of the new laws. During this period he also faced financial ruin as debts began to accumulate. In 1767, Arnold married Margaret Mansfield, daughter of the sheriff of New Haven. The union would produce three sons before her death in June 1775. As tensions with London increased, Arnold increasingly became interested in military matters and was elected a captain in the Connecticut militia in March 1775. With the beginning of the American Revolution the following month, he marched north to take part in the siege of Boston. Fort Ticonderoga Arriving outside Boston, he soon offered a plan to the Massachusetts Committee of Safety for a raid on Fort Ticonderoga in northern New York. Supporting Arnolds plan, the committee issued him a commission as a colonel and dispatched him north. Reaching the vicinity of the fort, Arnold encountered other colonial forces under Colonel Ethan Allen. Though the two men initially clashed, they resolved their disagreements and captured the fort on May 10. Moving north, Arnold conducted a raid against Fort Saint-Jean on the Richelieu River. With the arrival of new troops, Arnold fought with the commander and returned south. Invasion of Canada Without a command, Arnold became one of several individuals who lobbied for an invasion of Canada. The Second Continental Congress finally authorized such an operation, but Arnold was passed over for command. Returning to the siege lines in Boston, he convinced General George Washington to send a second expedition north via the wilderness of Maines Kennebec River. Receiving permission for this scheme and a commission as a colonel in the Continental Army, he embarked in September 1775 with around 1,100 men. Short on food, hampered by poor maps, and facing degrading weather, Arnold lost over half his force en route. Reaching Quebec, he was soon joined by the other American force led by Major General Richard Montgomery. Uniting, they launched a failed attempt to capture the city on December 30/31 in which he was wounded in the leg and Montgomery killed. Though defeated at the Battle of Quebec, Arnold was promoted to brigadier general and maintained a loose siege of the city. After overseeing American forces at Montreal, Arnold commanded the retreat south in 1776 following the arrival of British reinforcements. Troubles in the Army Constructing a scratch fleet on Lake Champlain, Arnold won a critical strategic victory at Valcour Island in October which delayed the British advance against Fort Ticonderoga and the Hudson Valley until 1777. His overall performance earned Arnold friends in Congress and he developed a relationship with Washington. Conversely, during his time in the north, Arnold alienated many in the army through courts-martial and other inquiries. In the course of one of these, Colonel Moses Hazen charged him with stealing military supplies. Though the court ordered his arrest, it was blocked by Major General Horatio Gates. With the British occupation of Newport, RI, Arnold was sent to Rhode Island by Washington to organize new defenses. In February 1777, Arnold learned that he had been passed over for promotion to major general. Angered by what he perceived to be politically motivated promotions, he offered his resignation to Washington which was refused. Traveling south to Philadelphia to argue his case, he aided in fighting a British force at Ridgefield, CT. For this, he received his promotion though his seniority was not restored. Angered, he again prepared to offer his resignation but did not follow through upon hearing that Fort Ticonderoga had fallen. Racing north to Fort Edward, he joined Major General Philip Schuylers northern army. Battles of Saratoga Arriving, Schuyler soon dispatched him with 900 men to relieve the siege of Fort Stanwix. This was quickly accomplished through a use of ruse and deception and he returned to find that Gates was now in command. As Major General John Burgoynes army marched south, Arnold advocated aggressive action but was blocked by the cautious Gates. Finally receiving permission to attack, Arnold won a fight at Freemans Farm on September 19. Excluded from Gates report of the battle, the two men clashed and Arnold was relieved of his command. Ignoring this fact, he raced to the fighting at Bemis Heights on October 7 and guided American troops to victory. Philadelphia In the fighting at Saratoga, Arnold was again wounded in the leg he had injured at Quebec. Refusing to allow it to be amputated, he had it crudely set leaving it two inches shorter than his other leg. In recognition of his bravery at Saratoga, Congress finally restored his command seniority. Recovering, he joined Washingtons army at Valley Forge in March 1778 to much acclaim. That June, following the British evacuation, Washington appointed Arnold to serve as military commander of Philadelphia. In this position, Arnold quickly began making questionable business deals to rebuild his shattered finances. These angered many in the city who began collecting evidence against him. In response, Arnold demanded a court-martial to clear his name. Living extravagantly, he soon began courting Peggy Shippen, the daughter of a prominent Loyalist judge, who had previously attracted the eye of Major John Andre during the British occupation. The two were married in April 1779. The Road to Betrayal Angered by a perceived lack of respect and encouraged by Peggy who retained lines of communication with the British, Arnold began reaching out to the enemy in May 1779. This offer reached Andrà © who consulted with General Sir Henry Clinton in New York. While Arnold and Clinton negotiated compensation, the American began providing a variety of intelligence. In January 1780, Arnold was largely cleared of the charges levied against him earlier, though in April a Congressional inquiry found irregularities pertaining to his finances during the Quebec campaign. Resigning his command at Philadelphia, Arnold successfully lobbied for command of West Point on the Hudson River. Working through Andrà ©, he came to an agreement in August to surrender the post to the British. Meeting on September 21, Arnold and Andrà © sealed the deal. Departing the meeting, Andrà © was captured two days later as he returned to New York City. Learning of this on September 24, Arnold was forced to flee to HMS Vulture in the Hudson River as the plot was exposed. Remaining calm, Washington investigated the scope of betrayal and offered to exchange Andrà © for Arnold. This was refused and Andrà © was hung as a spy on October 2. Later Life Receiving a commission as a brigadier general in the British Army, Arnold campaigned against American forces in Virginia later that year and in 1781. In his last major action of the war, he won the Battle of Groton Heights in Connecticut in September 1781. Effectively viewed as a traitor by both sides, he did not receive another command when the war ended despite lengthy efforts. Returning to life as a merchant he lived in Britain and Canada before his death in London on June 14, 1801.

Industry Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Industry Analysis - Essay Example There are many factors that have made Unilever successful and some of these factors include management, employees, technology, customers, and product quality and product size among others. Unilever has an effective management that focuses on achieving the organization’s objectives and goals. The management cooperates with the employees to ensure that all organizational activities are carried out effectively. Strong and talented management is very important in any organization, it is the key success factor in an organization, and having a good management team is necessary, as it will get all activities done on time and effectively. Employees form part of important success factors in an organization. Employees’ turnover and commitment is very important as this determines the productivity in an organization. The presence of educated and dedicated employees increases the company’s success rate. Therefore, highly qualified and educated management team and employees de termines organization’s productivity, effectiveness and success. Technology also is a determining factor in an organization since there is no company that can survive or flourish without dated and high-tech. the quality and type of technologies used in a company determines its position and success based on the quality of the products it produces. In addition, for the company to be successful, it must have potential and consistent customers who increase the company’s profitability. The company needs to satisfy its customers and retain them in order to generate more profits. If customers feel happy and satisfied, the company will be able to attract more consumers and retain the existing ones hence more profit. Furthermore, product quality and cost also determine the success of a company. For instance, the company should offer high quality products at an affordable price to its customers. Today, many customers are

Comparative Analysis of Antonio Del Pollaiyolo's Battle of the Nudes Essay

Comparative Analysis of Antonio Del Pollaiyolo's Battle of the Nudes and Francisco Goya's - Essay Example Experts are having difficulty in dating Antonio Del Pollaiyolo’s work on the basis of style because Pollaiyolo may have already used the style earlier and only changed a little during the course of his style1 . As an artist Pollaiyolo was considered ahead of his time and was said to be one of the first Italian artists to render the engraving of the human form2 in the same manner that Francisco Goya was also considered as one of the pioneers of modern painting3. The paintings of both Antonio Del Pollaiyolo’s Battle of the Nudes and Francisco Goya’s Third of May are also large at 42.4 x 60.9 centimeter and 268  ?  347  centimeter respectively. Pollaiyolo’s Battle of the Nudes â€Å"depicts five men wearing headbands and five men without, fighting in pairs with weapons in front of a dense background of vegetation4†. The characters in the engraving are posed in various athletic positions where they fiercely grimace and their muscle tones strongly emphasized. Rather than painted compared to Goya’s Third of May, Del Pollaiyolo’s Battle of the Nudes used return-stroke engraving that was employed in modeling the bodies to create a delicate and subtle effect5. Del Pollaiyolo’s Battle of the Nudes where ten sculpted men was fighting was inspired by Greek and Roman sculpture. Scholars opined that these engravings were not a depiction of a literary subject but rather was intended for artists to copy because Del Pollaiyolo’s was said to use model carvings himself before doing the engraved. Pollaiyolo’s work is artistically significant because it was credited to have been responsible of the seminal idea of Italian Renaissance’s modeling of the human form as an object of art. Del Pollaiyolo’s was also said to be one of the pioneers of Italian Renaissance engraving. Pollaiyolo’s engraving of the Battle of the Nude was even said to have been used as a model of German artists such as Albrecht Durer (1471-1528) and Jorg Breu (c. 1480-1573). The detailed engraving of the human form, its particularity of the anatomical structure and the explicitness of its expression has been credited to have been germinated by Pollaiyolo’s6. While Del Pollaiyolo’s work was rich in details, Goya’s The Third of May 1808 was intentionally painted with the face of the executioner to be anonymous to highlight the drama of innocent civilian that was about to be executed. In this particular work, the artistry was better rendered with the anonymity of the executioner7. What was highlighted instead was the atmosphere that contributes to the gore and brutality of the execution. The main subject which was a civilian with his arms spread like the Christ in crucifixion was set against the backdrop of the rising mountain and heavy blackness of the night to highlight the terror of the persecution8. He also emphasized fear in the painting by â€Å"trailing the line of unfor tunate captives into the distance, suggesting that this action will by repeated throughout the night9†. Unlike in Pollaiyolo’s The Battle of the Nudes where the features of the characters were detailed, Goya’s The Third of May painting was rendered with â€Å"broad and rough strokes of the brush [similar] to the mature work of the Great Spanish

God has Ontological Existence Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

God has Ontological Existence - Term Paper Example The religious philosophers, over the centuries have tried to establish the existence of God and have come up with numerous arguments .Major arguments about His existence are Cosmological, Ontological, Teleological and the Moral Law Argument. The Cosmological Argument comes from the Greek word ‘cosmos’, which means the world. The Cosmological argument states that the universe could not have existed by its own, there must have been some cause that would have made the universe and that cause is God. The Teleological argument is from the word ‘teleo’ that means design or purpose. As the universe evidences great complexity of design, the great designer, the God must have designed it. The Moral law argument proposes that the moral Law and Order in this world is alive and exists because of God who has bestowed human beings with this understanding of morality. According to the Ontological Argument, the God is the greatest being, imaginable, one of the aspects of greatness and perfection is his existence or in other words as God can be conceived that means he exists. Twelfth century theologian and philosopher Anslem developed this argument about God’s existence. This argument proves about the existence of God through abstract reasoning. Descartes in his Meditation 3 proposes about the Ontological existence of God .His Meditation 3 questions about the existence of God and his analysis is devoid of any scientific proof and religious arguments.

Experimental Case Study On Pond Ash Replacement Engineering Essay

Experimental Case Study On Pond Ash Replacement Engineering Essay Abstract This research studies the potential of using Pond ash from Deepnagar Thermal Power Plant, Bhusawal, Dist. Jalgaon, as a part replacement with sand in plaster mortar. Pond ash is rarely used in concrete due to its inactive pozzolanic reaction may be used as a fine aggregate in mortar mix used for plastering purpose, improves the quality of plastered surface in terms of strength and durability. When pond ash was used at a 20% replacement of sand to make mortar mix, produced higher percentage compressive strength as well as a higher development rate than those of the traditional cement sand mortar mix. As a result of the compressive strengths, it was concluded that pond ash could be used as a good replacement material in mortar. It is proposed to perform some field and laboratory experiments on different mix proportions of pond ash and plaster sand and to compare the results with traditional plaster mortar. The cubical specimens were tested to determine compressive strength. The Soundn ess test is performed to know the amount of expansion after the setting time. With the help of Davel abrasion test, it is possible to relatively compare the abrasion values of the different proportions of the plaster mortar cubes. In the investigation some field and laboratory experiments on different mix proportions of pond ash and plaster sand are done and the results are compared with traditional cement-sand plaster mortar. Due to Pond Ash replacement, the initial strength gaining process is quite slow but in later stages it gains very good strength as compare to traditional mortar mixes. Workability of mortar mix is increased due to addition of pond ash, which will result in the reduced w/c ratio. Change in the volume of hardened mortar is very less due to addition of pond ash, which results less occurrence of surface cracks. Keywords- Mortar, Pond Ash, Pozzolonic. 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 General Pond ash is the waste product from most of the thermal power plants in India. The fly ash gets mixed with bottom ash and disposed off in large pond dykes as slurry. Pond ash contains relatively coarse particles. The huge amount of pond ash accumulated around the thermal power stations is still posing threat to environment. The utilization of pond ash as a building material is one of the possible way of its sustainable management. In the present study, an attempt is made to ascertain the possibility of using the pond ash as a replacement of sand in plaster mortar. Origin of Pond Ash Pond ash is the waste product from most of thermal power plants in India. The fly ash gets mixed with bottom ash and disposed off in large pond or dykes as slurry. Pond ash contains relatively coarse particles. As Pond ash is being produced at an alarming rate, efforts are required to safely dispose it and if possible find ways of utilizing it. Necessity of Pond Ash Management It is estimated that by the end of tenth planned period an additional 124000 Mega Watt (MW) of power sector expansion will require in India to meet the raising demands of energy. So the quantum of Pond ash generation will increase in future. It has warranted the scientific as well as industrial community to initiates research and development work for finding innovative use and safe disposal of Pond ash so that instead of a waste product, the pond ash can be utilized in large quantities in various engineering works. The ash produced in thermal power plants can cause all three environmental risks air, surface water and ground water pollution. Air pollution is caused by direct emissions of toxic gases from the power plants as well as wind blown ash dust from ash ponds. The air borne dust can fall in surface water system or soil and may contaminate the water/soil system. The wet system of disposal in most power plants causes discharge of particulate of ash directly into the nearby surfa ce water system. [2] Sources of Pond Ash in India In India as coal based Thermal Power Plant has contributes to 75% to the total power generation. The coal reserves of the country is predominately of lower grade of non-cooking and as a result the quantity of ash produced will also increase. The Indian coal on an average has 35% ash and this is one of the prime factors which lead to increase ash production. Hence, ash utilization is a problem for the country. The Indian Thermal power plant uses high ash and inferior quality non-cooking coal. Present Indias Thermal installed capacity to an estimate is 1, 00,000 MW and coal consumption for Thermal power generation required is 300 million MT every year. Use of coal brings many problems, primarily due to huge amount of ash, which is produced by-product of the process of power generation. Out of total ash produced, fly ash contributes to small percentage, majority being pond ash and bottom ash. Environmental Consideration The ash produced in thermal power plants can cause all three environmental risks air, surface water and ground water pollution. Air pollution is caused by direct emissions of toxic gases from the power plants as well as wind blown ash dust from ash ponds. The air borne dust can fall in surface water system or soil and may contaminate the water/soil system. The wet system of disposal in most power plants causes discharge of particulate of ash directly into the nearby surface water system. The long storage of ash in the ponds under wet condition and humid climate can cause leaching of toxic metals from ash and contaminate the underlying soil and ultimately the ground water system. Kumar [2] 1.6 Existing Use of Pond Ash The literature available specifically on the use of pond ash is scarce. However in general the fly ash has lot of potential for its sustainable use. The use of fly ash in the construction of road and embankment has been successfully demonstrated in the country. The Ministry of Surface Transport (MOST) and Central Public Works Department (CPWD) have accepted the use of fly ash and have executed many projects. The fly ash can be utilized in cement concrete and mortar as an ingredient / partial replacement of cement and sand. The replacement of OPC may vary from 15 to 35 % or even higher percentage in mass concrete. BIS: 456 [5] The pond ash is also utilized in manufacturing of Light Weight Aerated Concrete (LWAC) products such as blocks, panels, reinforced slab, etc, which are much lighter than conventional materials. The bulk density of product ranges from 500kg/cum to 1800kg/cum, depending upon reinforcement. The use of block in housing construction can results nearly40 % reduction i n dead weight, 50 % saving in construction time and about 80 % saving in consumption of mortar in comparison to conventional brick work. The fly ash (90-95%) mixed with OPC (5-10%), along with the water make the flow able fill material termed as Controlled Low Strength Material (CLSM), which can use in the restricted areas where placing and compaction is very difficult such as narrow trenches, utilities structure like mines, tunnels, tanks and trenches in road pavement cut. The use of pond ash in mine fill material is one of the possible alternatives to be considered by various agencies. The optimum utilization of pond ash through mine void filling by High Concentrated Slurry Disposal (HSDS) system may prove a plausible solution of pond ash management. The use of fly ash in agriculture applications has been well demonstrated and is gaining momentum in the agriculture sector of country. This is picking up in Karnataka, West Bengal and Madhya Pradesh and for wasteland reclamation in U ttar Pradesh. [5] Overview of the Project In this investigation partial replacement of sand by pond ash in plaster mortar is attempted. It is possible to use pond ash as fine aggregate without compromising on strength and durability. This study opens up a major avenue for the utilization of pond ash. Studies are done on pond ash sample from Deep Nagar Thermal Power Plant, Bhusawal, Dist. Jalgaon. The large scale utilization of Pond Ash would be possible and this will become major contributing factor for reducing pollution. Sand, precious natural resources, is becoming scarce and quarrying of this has been restricted in many states in India, this has made to look for the possibility for partial replacement of sand by Pond ash. It is proposed to perform some field and laboratory experiments on different mix proportions of pond ash and plaster sand and to compare the results with traditional plaster mortar. The flow diagram in figure-1, shows the detail procedure. Figure 1: Overview of Experimental Programme 2. POND ASH IN PLASTER MORTAR 2.1 Proportioning of Mortar The experimental programme utilizes the ponded ash from DeepNagar Thermal Power Plant and tests were conducted in field as well as in laboratory. The mortar mixes were considered at pond ash replacement percentage of 0, 20, 25, and 30 and with mix proportions of cement: pond ash: sand and additional proportion of cement: fly ash: sand. Hand mixing, with volume batching was done. [1], [9] Proportion % Replace ment Cement Pond ash Replacement sand W/C Ratio P-1 5 1 0.25 4.75 1.10 P-2 10 1 0.50 4.50 1.10 P-3 15 1 0.75 4.25 1.10 P-4 20 1 1.00 4 1.10 P-5 25 1 1.25 3.75 1.10 P-6 30 1 1.50 3.50 1.10 P-7 0 1 0 5 1.10Table 1: Different Proportion of Mortar Mixes 2.2 Plastering Process The surface to be plastered was cleaned and freed from dust, loose material, oil, grease, mortar dropping, sticking of foreign matter, trace of algae, etc. Raking of joint was carried out along with masonry and checked out thoroughly so as to receive good key. The plaster was provided in two coats. Thickness of undercoat was 15mm and balanced in the second finishing coat. The second coat was of 10 mm. The under coat was allowed to dry and shrink before applying the second coat of plaster. After a suitable time interval (After 2 days) the second coat was applied. [7], [8]. Figure -2 show different patches of plaster. Figure 2: Plastering Process on Brick Wall 2.3 Compression Test The compression test has been carried out on specimens cubical in shape. The cube specimen is of the size 7.07 x 7.07 x 7.07 cm. Three specimen samples for all proportions are prepared. Universal testing machine (UTM) of 400 kN capacity was used in testing the mixes. Figure 3: Compression Test Sample-Before and After Deformation The mortar was filled into the mould in three layers approximately. Each layer was compacted by hand. After the top layer compacted, the surface of the mortar was finished with the top mould, using a trowel. The test specimens were submerged in the water for 7 and 28 days. Universal testing machine (UTM) of 400 Kilo Newton (kN) capacity was used in testing the mixes. Compression test was carried out for 7 day and 28days strength for the different proposed proportions are shown in the Table 2. SN Propor tion P.A. Replacement 7 day Comp. Strength 28day Comp. Strength 1 P-1 5% 3.31 7.68 2 P-2 10% 4.11 8.79 3 P-3 15% 4.91 9.89 4 P-4 20% 5.27 11.00 5 P-5 25% 5.87 10.92 6 P-6 30% 5.04 10.23 7 P-7 0% 2.51 6.57Table 2. Compression Test Results of Pond Ash Mortar Specimens Figure given below shows the graph of Percentage Pond Ash Replacement v/s 7 and 28 Days Compressive Strength. Figure 4: Percentage Pond Ash Replacement v/s 7 and 28 Days Compressive Strength. 2.4 Soundness Test Using Le-Chateliers Apparatus The mortar after preparation is liable to expand after the setting action is complete. It is one of the causes of cracking of plaster mortar. The Soundness test is, therefore, performed to know the amount of expansion after the setting time. [6] Table 3 shows Expansion of the mortar for different proportions. 2.5 Davel Abrasion Test This research work does not deal with the coarse aggregate as the coarse aggregate is not the constituent material for the mortar. But with the help of this test, the abrasion values of the different proportions of the plaster mortar cubes can be relatively compared. The abrasion value determined should not be more than 16 % for the concrete aggregates. Table 4 gives Davel Abrasion Test Results for different mortar mixes. SN Propor tions % Replt Final Exp. (mm) Initial Exp. (mm) Total Exp. (mm) 1 P-1 5 13 11 2 2 P-2 10 14 11 3 3 P-3 15 13 10 3 4 P-4 20 14 11 3 5 P-5 25 15 12 3 6 P-6 30 13 11 2 7 P-7 0 15 11 4Figure 5: Soundness Test Using Le-Chateliers Apparatus Table 3: Expansion for different Mortar Mixes. SN Proportions % Replt Initial Wt. of Cube (kg) Crush passing thr. sieve Abrn Value 1 1 5 0.786 0.11 13.75 2 2 10 0.786 0.10 12.75 3 3 15 0.796 0.10 12.5 4 4 20 0.786 0.094 12 5 5 25 0.786 0.098 12.5 6 6 30 0.796 0.10 12 7 7 0 0.785 0.12 15 Table 4: Davel Abrasion Test Results 3. CONCLUSION From the experimental results on the replacement of Pond Ash as Replacement with Sand in Plaster Mortar, the conclusions can be drawn as, the use of Pond Ash as part replacement for sand in plaster mortar gives higher compressive strength than traditional mortar mixes. Part replacement with 20 % Pond Ash in mortar, gives higher compressive strength then the other percentage replacements (0%,5%, 10%, 15%, 25% 30%), when tested for 28 days compressive strength. Due to Pond Ash replacement, the initial strength gaining process is quite slow but in later stages it gains very good strength as compare to traditional mortar mixes. The problem of disposing pond ash can is reduced by utilizing it in large quantity in various engineering work. In the present study, the possibility of using a locally available fine grained pond ash as a replacement of sand in plaster mortar has been tested and analyzed. This study opens up a major avenue for the utilization of pond ash. The large scale utilization of Pond Ash would be possible and this will become major contributing factor for reducing pollution. 4. REFRENCES [1] A.M. Pandey, L.M. Gupta, Proportions of concrete ingredients and their significance in compressive strength Indian Concrete Journal, Vol.81, June 2007, pp.15-27 [2] Kumar (2004), Dr Virender Kumar Compaction and Permeability Study of Pond Ash Amended with Locally Available Soil and Hardening Agent. Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India), Vol.85, May2004, pp 31-35. [3] Chai Cheerarot (2003), Chai Jaturapitakkul and Raungrut Cheerarot. Development of Bottom Ash as Pozzolanic Material. Journal of Material in Civil Engineering, Vol. 15, No. 1, January/February 2003, pp.48-53 [4] S.K.Sekar, P.Devdas, U.John, Performance of Fly ash Concrete, New Building Material and Construction World, Volume-81, No.06, July-2003, pp.46. [5] FAUP (2005), Fly Ash Utilization ProgrammeFly Ash Management in India: An Integrated Approach , Proceeding of Fly Ash, India-2005, International Congress, Dec. 2005, Convention Hall, Hotel Ashok, New Delhi, India. [6] BIS 383 (1970), Specification for Coarse and Fine Aggregate from natural Sources for Concrete (Second Revision), Bureau of Indian Standards. Manak Bhavan, 9, Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg IN-New Delhi 110002. [7] BIS 1661 (1972), Code of Practice for Application of Cement and Cement Plaster Finishes, Bureau of Indian Standards. Manak Bhavan, 9, Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg IN-New Delhi 110002. [8] BIS 2402 (1963), Code of Practice for External Rendered Finishes, Bureau of Indian Standards. Manak Bhavan, 9, Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg IN-New Delhi 110002. [9] BS 5390:1976, Code of Practice for Stone Masonry, BSI British Standards, Customer Services, 389, Chiswick High Road, London, W4 4AL, United Kingdom.

Indus Valley Civilization.

Indus Valley Civilization. The earliest traces of civilization in the Indian subcontinent are to be found in places along, or close, to the Indus river. Excavations first conducted in 1921-22, in the ancient cities of Harappa and Mohenjodaro, both now in Pakistan, pointed to a highly complex civilization that first developed some 4,500-5,000 years ago, and subsequent archaeological and historical research has now furnished us with a more detailed picture of the Indus Valley Civilization and its inhabitants.The Indus Valley people were most likely Dravidians, who may have been pushed down into south India when the Aryans, with their more advanced military technology, commenced their migrations to India around 2,000 BCE. Though the Indus Valley script remains undeciphered down to the present day, the numerous seals discovered during the excavations, as well as statuary and pottery, not to mention the ruins of numerous Indus Valley cities, have enabled scholars to construct a reasonably plausible account of the Indus Valley Civilization.Some kind of centralized state, and certainly fairly extensive town planning, is suggested by the layout of the great cities of Harappa and Mohenjodaro. The same kind of burnt brick appears to have been used in the construction of buildings in cities that were as much as several hundred miles apart. The weights and measures show a very considerable regularity. The Indus Valley people domesticated animals, and harvested various crops, such as cotton, sesame, peas, barley, and cotton. They may also have been a sea-faring people, and it is rather interesting that Indus Valley seals have been dug up in such places as Sumer.In most respects, the Indus Valley Civilization appears to have been urban, defying both the predominant idea of India as an eternally and essentially agricultural civilization, as well as the notion that the change from ‘rural’ to ‘urban’ represents something of a logical progression. The I ndus Valley people had a merchant class that, evidence suggests, engaged in extensive trading. Neither Harappa nor Mohenjodaro show any evidence of fire altars, and consequently one can reasonably conjecture that the various rituals around the fire which are so critical in Hinduism were introduced later by the Aryans.The Indus Valley people do not appear to have been in possession of the horse: there is no osteological evidence of horse remains in the Indian sub-continent before 2,000 BCE, when the Aryans first came to India, and on Harappan seals and terracotta figures, horses do not appear. Other than the archaeological ruins of Harappa and Mohenjodaro, these seals provide the most detailed clues about the character of the Indus Valley people. Bulls and elephants do appear on these seals, but the horned bull, most scholars are agreed, should not be taken to be congruent with Nandi, or Shiva’s bull.The horned bull appears in numerous Central Asian figures as well; it is also important to note that Shiva is not one of the gods invoked in the Rig Veda. The revered cow of the Hindus also does not appear on the seals. The women portrayed on the seals are shown with elaborate coiffures, sporting heavy jewelry, suggesting that the Indus Valley people were an urbane people with cultivated tastes and a refined aesthetic sensibility. A few thousand seals have been discovered in Indus Valley cities, showing some 400 pictographs: too few in number for the language to have been ideographic, and too many for the language to have been phonetic.The Indus Valley civilization raises a great many, largely unresolved, questions. Why did this civilization, considering its sophistication, not spread beyond the Indus Valley? In general, the area where the Indus valley cities developed is arid, and one can surmise that urban development took place along a river that flew through a virtual desert. The Indus Valley people did not develop agriculture on any large scale, and con sequently did not have to clear away a heavy growth of forest. Nor did they have the technology for that, since they were confined to using bronze or stone implements.They did not practice canal irrigation and did not have the heavy plough. Most significantly, under what circumstances did the Indus Valley cities undergo a decline? The first attacks on outlying villages by Aryans appear to have taken place around 2,000 BCE near Baluchistan, and of the major cities, at least Harappa was quite likely over-run by the Aryans. In the Rig Veda there is mention of a Vedic war god, Indra, destroying some forts and citadels, which could have included Harappa and some other Indus Valley cities.The conventional historical narrative speaks of a cataclysmic blow that struck the Indus Valley Civilization around 1,600 BCE, but that would not explain why settlements at a distance of several hundred miles from each other were all eradicated. The most compelling historical narrative still suggests tha t the demise and eventual disappearance of the Indus Valley Civilization, which owed something to internal decline, nonetheless was facilitated by the arrival in India of the Aryans.

Background of Technology Project Essay

The Project to be studied is an implementation of a work assignment and tracking system in an IT department in a medium sized company. The IT Department before the project was started, had undergone a management change and a reorganization due to corporate cost cutting and restructuring. The previous structure of the IT organization was teams of people that support specific applications in the system, and the business users of a particular application contacted the team assigned to their application for system enhancements and support. There was no system for managing and tracking projects and tasks, and it was left to the managers of each team to handle project prioritization, assignment and tracking. This structure was changed to a pooled resource structure where IT staff people were grouped by functional areas (such as mainframe support group, pc support group, web applications, etc). The IT structure was no longer hierarchical and the work was no longer handed down in a top down approach thus creating a need for a systematic way of managing people and tasks to function effectively. SDLC (Systems Development Life Cycle) The Life Cycle for this particular project did not exactly match the order of the phases as described in the Systems Development Life Cycle concept. Because of the immediate reorganization of the IT organization, current projects encountered delays and the IT procedures and tasks were disrupted. This prompted a need for a quick reshuffling of work between the new groups and a quick and dirty way to manage the work at hand and incoming work until a better system is implemented. Initiation The initiation of a system (or project) begins when a business need or opportunity is identified. This happened for this project when a CIO was appointed to head the new IT organization and was asked to reduce head count by pooling the resources while at the same time still provide timely and effective service to the business users of the IT systems and applications. System Concept Development Phase In this phase of SDLC, the business need has been approved and the approaches for accomplishing the concept are reviewed for feasibility and appropriateness. Several approaches were considered for tackling the problem in the IT department. The first approach was an Excel spreadsheet to list all IT personnel and their assigned tasks but this turned out to be too cumbersome and hard for several persons to use. An in-house developed web based system was also considered and was in fact implemented but was cancelled since it was not flexible enough to handle the different tasks of the different IT groupings and the different sources of work requests. The last approach was either to buy an existing package that would fit the requirements and customize it for the IT organization’s structure and procedures or develop one in-house. Planning Phase In the planning phase, the concept/approach is further developed to describe how the business will operate once the approved system is implemented, and to define project resources, activities, schedules, tools, and reviews to ensure the products and /or services provide the required capability on-time and within budget. The planning phase for this particular project was being done while simple solutions were being used and implemented since there were time constraints and something had to be in place right away. A team was assembled to look into existing applications within the company or packages out in the market that would fit the requirement and assess its flexibility and long term viability for the organization. That team also had to come up with a process flow of how work will be handled in the new IT structure to help in the use of the short-term solutions and to help in finding a long-term solution. Finally, two long term approaches were proposed. One was that of customizing the packaged software that was currently being used by the Help Desk to track PC and Mainframe work requests for PC Technicians and Mainframe System  Programmers, which was from a company called Remedy. The other was to develop a work flow system in-house. Requirements Analysis Phase In this phase, functional user requirements are formally defined and delineate the requirements in terms of data, system performance, security, and maintainability requirements for the system. The functional user requirements for this project detailed all the different tasks that an IT organization performs and the information that needs to be tracked for each such as requestor, status, assigned IT person etc. One of the main requirements gathered was that of accessibility of the work flow system. Different people will be entering work requests such as business users and help desk personnel and the user interface and performance requirements for the two types would be far different. So the chosen system should have flexible interfaces and need to communicate work status and results back to the requester in a medium that is accessible company wide. Another main requirement is that the system can be implemented quickly and should be flexible enough to easily add features in the future. Design The physical characteristics of the system are designed during this phase. For this project, after reviewing the requirements, the only option that would work was an out of the box solution such as the Remedy Action Request System. Since it was already being used by the Help Desk team, it has already proven itself as a flexible and reliable system to use. As a help desk software it allows entry of work request, assigns work, allows a way to log the progress of a request and stores all the history regarding a request. Design was simply a matter of finding out the customizable options and features in Remedy and designing it for the different IT groups formed. Since help desk work was different as compared to application development work, two type of request were designed and one was for support/problems and one was an enhancement to the system or major project that have subtasks and  involved lots of people with different roles and responsibilities. For the IT staff a client server platform was needed for faster execution, and for accessibility and ease of use, a simple web-based interface was designed for the business users since they don’t need to see too much detail. Since company wide communications was done through email, work assignment, status and results need to be communicated through this medium. Development, Integration , Test and Implementation Phase The four phases for this project was combined into one because of the time constraints and since it was a packaged software approach and the main components no longer needed development and testing. Most of the development involved loading tables that the package uses such as logon ids, departments, user data etc, and the customization of the user interfaces. The necessary components of Remedy were installed and hooked up with the web servers and the email system. Before final rollout, it was given a trial basis by one representative in each IT group and finalized based on the recommendations of each representative. Once the work flow system was ready, the IT staff were trained on how to use it and how work should flow through the organization. Conclusion The project as a whole went through a couple of cycles of the SDLC due to different implementations. But the final result was relatively successful since it incorporated the ideas that Trepper suggested in his article â€Å"Getting an edge on the competition† which was about process management. According to Trepper, process management † should also cover the establishment of actual development phases and activities, creation of a workflow among participants, and selection and implementation of tools and techniques best suited to the task.† This was accomplished by the Remedy AR system. The customized Remedy AR System also incorporated the two principal source of best practices as listed by Trepper which is industry best practice and ones  developed within the company. The Remedy AR System already had the industry best practice since it is a widely used system and the company best practices were incorporated through the customization of the system based on recommendations of the different IT groups.

Learn How to Conjugate Téléphoner (to Call) in French

Learn How to Conjugate Tà ©là ©phoner (to Call) in French As you might expect, the French verb  tà ©là ©phoner  means to call or to telephone. Unlike the verb  appeler, which also means to call, this one refers specifically to a telephone conversation. In order to properly use tà ©là ©phoner to say things such as he called or I am calling, you will need to know how to conjugate the verb. The good news is that this is a regular verb, so not only is it easy to memorize, its also relatively easy to conjugate. A brief lesson will show you how thats done. The Basic Conjugations of  Tà ©là ©phoner In comparison to other French verbs, tà ©là ©phoner is one of the easier verb conjugations to study. Thats because this is a  regular -er verb, meaning it uses a very common pattern as you move from one form of the verb to another. As with all regular verbs, you will add a variety of endings to the verb stem (or radical) to form each conjugation. The catch with the French language is that there is a new ending for every subject pronoun within each tense, giving you more words to memorize. The radical of tà ©là ©phoner  is tà ©là ©phon-.  Using the chart, you can see which ending you need to add to that for your sentence. For example, I am calling is  je tà ©là ©phone  and we will call is  nous tà ©là ©phonerons. Present Future Imperfect je tlphone tlphonerai tlphonais tu tlphones tlphoneras tlphonais il tlphone tlphonera tlphonait nous tlphonons tlphonerons tlphonions vous tlphonez tlphonerez tlphoniez ils tlphonent tlphoneront tlphonaient The Present Participle of  Tà ©là ©phoner When you add -ant  to the radical of  tà ©là ©phoner, you get the  present participle  tà ©là ©phonant. It is a verb, though in some situations you may also use it as an adjective, gerund, or noun. Tà ©là ©phoner  in the Compound Past Tense The past tense can be either the imperfect or the passà © composà ©, which is a compound. To form this, youll need to conjugate the auxiliary verb avoir to the present tense, then attach the past participle tà ©là ©phonà ©. For example, I called is jai tà ©là ©phonà © and we called is nous avons tà ©là ©phonà ©. More Simple Conjugations of Tà ©là ©phoner There are a few more simple conjugations of  tà ©là ©phoner  that you may need at times. The subjunctive, for instance, calls the act into question while  the conditional  says its dependent on something else. The literary tenses of the passà © simple  and  the imperfect subjunctive  are also good to know because you may encounter them while reading. Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je tlphone tlphonerais tlphonai tlphonasse tu tlphones tlphonerais tlphonas tlphonasses il tlphone tlphonerait tlphona tlphont nous tlphonions tlphonerions tlphonmes tlphonassions vous tlphoniez tlphoneriez tlphontes tlphonassiez ils tlphonent tlphoneraient tlphonrent tlphonassent The imperative form  is used for very direct sentences and often used alone, so the subject pronoun is not required. In this instance, its perfectly acceptable to shorten  tu  tà ©là ©phone  to  tà ©là ©phone. Imperative (tu) tlphone (nous) tlphonons (vous) tlphonez

Free Essays on Canadian Foreign Policy

Does Canada have an Independent Foreign Policy? Canada, a Nation Ahead of it’s Time? The question regarding â€Å"Does Canada have an independent foreign policy?† must first be deconstructed before it can be answered. Firstly, the nation of ‘Canada’ must be defined. Canada is the north most nation of North America, formerly a colony of both Britain and France contributing to multilingual culture, with a wide array of environmental landscapes, on either side of the nation are the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. The country is comprised of 10 provinces and 3 territories and has a population of approximately 31,499,560 (Statistics Canada). Secondly the word ‘Independent’ must be defined, Webster’s 10th Collegiate Dictionary defines it as: Not governed by a foreign power; self-governing. This definition must be expanded to say that independent includes a free will of the government to conduct foreign affairs as they feel is in the best interests of the people who reside in the country. Finally and most importantly ‘Foreign p olicy must be defined. Webster's 10th Collegiate Dictionary defines 'foreign policy' as "the policy of a sovereign state in its interaction with other sovereign states." Sovereign means having absolute power within a limited scope: the borders of a country. Foreign policy can further be expressed as the diplomatic strings which hold this world together. The actions of one state affect the people in other states. The best example of the actions of states being affected by other nation’s policy is with regards to war. When a country is at war, even if it is civil war it affects other states because of things like refugees fleeing a war torn homeland in hope for a peaceful settlement. It also affects countries with operations inside the war torn country. This example illustrates that the actions of one states policy affects others. These explanations of the key terms in the question regarding wh... Free Essays on Canadian Foreign Policy Free Essays on Canadian Foreign Policy Does Canada have an Independent Foreign Policy? Canada, a Nation Ahead of it’s Time? The question regarding â€Å"Does Canada have an independent foreign policy?† must first be deconstructed before it can be answered. Firstly, the nation of ‘Canada’ must be defined. Canada is the north most nation of North America, formerly a colony of both Britain and France contributing to multilingual culture, with a wide array of environmental landscapes, on either side of the nation are the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. The country is comprised of 10 provinces and 3 territories and has a population of approximately 31,499,560 (Statistics Canada). Secondly the word ‘Independent’ must be defined, Webster’s 10th Collegiate Dictionary defines it as: Not governed by a foreign power; self-governing. This definition must be expanded to say that independent includes a free will of the government to conduct foreign affairs as they feel is in the best interests of the people who reside in the country. Finally and most importantly ‘Foreign p olicy must be defined. Webster's 10th Collegiate Dictionary defines 'foreign policy' as "the policy of a sovereign state in its interaction with other sovereign states." Sovereign means having absolute power within a limited scope: the borders of a country. Foreign policy can further be expressed as the diplomatic strings which hold this world together. The actions of one state affect the people in other states. The best example of the actions of states being affected by other nation’s policy is with regards to war. When a country is at war, even if it is civil war it affects other states because of things like refugees fleeing a war torn homeland in hope for a peaceful settlement. It also affects countries with operations inside the war torn country. This example illustrates that the actions of one states policy affects others. These explanations of the key terms in the question regarding wh...

Read the instruction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Read the instruction - Essay Example I always thought that piano concerts were boring without any other background music because I like some other instruments. I liked the first few pieces of music that were played. The composer for these pieces was Liszt. I did not know any of the pieces but I did like listening to them. Overall there was seven musical pieces from Liszt. My most favorite piece from this guy was the very first one. It felt a little bit upbeat compared with all of his other pieces. All of his pieces were played in reverse order from when he composed them. Perhaps the reason why I liked the first one was because it was the most modern. I dont really enjoy those old styles of music because I like music to have more of a beat to it. The next three pieces of music were from three different composers. I did not really know any of them, but I recognized that the styles of music were the same. That era of piano music has a distinct style that even someone like me, with very little musical background, can pick up on. After these three pieces of music, there was a short break. This gave everyone time to go outside and take the mind off music. When I came back into the hall, there was only music from one composer for the rest of the evening: Frederic Chopin. I had heard of this name before somewhere because I think this guy is quite famous, but I didnt really know any of his music. There was four main pieces from him, but the third one was played many different times in a number of minor and major keys. It was interesting to listen to the same song played many different ways. By the sixth one, I could pick up the small differences between all of the styles. After Chopins music was finished, the evening ended. I did like this concert because although the music was from the same era, there were many different styles from all of the composers. I now appreciate the effect that these composers had on music, specifically the piano. Next time I would like to hear some different music so that

Materialistic and spoiled children Research Paper

Materialistic and spoiled children - Research Paper Example ts nowadays express their love towards their children by providing them some kind of materials like toys or favourite food items rather than keeping in company with them. This kind of attitude forces the children to live in a material world and hence most of their attitudes developed based on what they are receiving from their parents and the society. The influence of materialism spoils many children and they become antisocial elements while they grown up. Most of the parents complain about the state of their childrens generation, their ingratitude, laziness, materialism and lack of good sense, but simultaneously our culture, our children, and probably our friends and relatives tell us that overabundance is absolutely necessary for the happiness and stability of our children. Beyond that, many of the parents attempt to fill a void we leave in our children due to work and general busy-ness with toys and TV. (Delle) Though the intellectual levels of the modern children has developed immensely because of the better environment and living standards they have compared to older generation, current generation lag behind the older generation in many aspects. Most of the current children spend much of their leisure time in front of TV or computer and hence their reduced physical activities deny them the opportunity to strengthen their muscles or body. The reduced physical activities decrease the blood circulation and hence they may feel lazine ss and lack of self esteem. Obesity is another physical problem attached with lack of physical activities. Moreover, because of fewer interactions with peers, their socialization skills are comparatively less. Their attitude towards their parents not bonded strongly compared to the older generation. â€Å"In reality, childrens needs are very simple. They need love and care, first and foremost. They need our time and attention. They need basic food, shelter, and clothing† (Delle) Current parents are expressing their intimacy towards

Topic of ur choice Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Topic of ur choice - Dissertation Example Similarly the change in tastes of different people also brings about needed confusion. Luxury commodities around the world are taken to be those products which are priced highly above the average limits and reflect a very high standard of quality and designs embedded into it. The position of the luxury brands thus created should be made secured from the entries of average purchasers through the setting of high prices. Furthermore a sustainable approach to luxury brand management as with any brand is spontaneous innovation of its product and service quality to make the brand become the test of times (Principles of Luxury Brand Management, n.d.). Aims and Objectives Aims The main aim of the research paper centers on understanding the management pattern of the global luxury brands. It also aims at understanding the shift in the management styles of these companies with changing market and economic situations. Objectives To understand the management styles of luxury brand companies. To r eflect on the changes in management styles of such companies. To interpret the reasons for such changes. Endeavoring to present a practical study of such change in management styles through the use of case study. ... To this end, Quelch (2007) observes that the company should look forward to render a holistic approach of quality enhancement in the different product categories. In terms of design the brand must eke out a distinguishable factor which would work as the brand identification strategy amidst its various competitors. Quelch (2007) further states that the management of luxury brands around the world also focuses on restricted production activities to excite high consumer demand. The art of marketing the luxury brands signify the incorporation of the emotional element with the products of the brand to create a customer appeal for it. Personification of the brand is highly essential to reflect its uniqueness amidst other brand players competing in the same market. The marketing strategy must also highlight the region to which the brand belongs to. In total the management function of international luxury brands is carried out depending mainly on four different aspects viz. management of the product assortments of the luxury companies, managing the uniqueness in its design and communication patterns, managing the interaction of the company with its several customers and finally the management of the company’s distribution channels. Elucidating the above points, Quelch (2007) states that the management of the product lines of luxury companies earns considerable importance for setting high quality designs at reduced quantities. This is because the style and patterns of luxury commodities go on changing with changes in consumer perception of such items. Hence a focus must be rendered in sustaining its profitability in the light of increase in the production costs. Thus increase in the quantity of brand assortments and also in the sizes of individual

Mirror Neurons Essay Example for Free

Mirror Neurons Essay The sight of a strangers foot getting hammered induces an instant surge of sympathy within us. Watching a friend nauseate after eating something repulsive quickly causes our own stomachs to turn. This ability to understand and relate to another individuals internal state has provided great motivation for research. One source of explanation arose from research on mirror neurons-which fire both during execution and observation of a behaviour (Rizzollati Arbib, 1998). This particular class of neurons plays a crucial function in human social interactions. The importance of the mirror neuron system (MNS) for communication can be understood through its influence on nonverbal communication including facial expressions and hand gestures and verbal language. Furthermore, disorders affecting human communication-such as autism and schizophrenia-convey the impression of stemming from a malfunctioning MNS. Generally, human social interaction involves both verbal and nonverbal forms of communication. Obvious examples of nonverbal communication are facial expressions and hand gestures. A recent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study by Montgomery and Haxby (2008) found evidence supporting the claim that the MNS contains distinct representations for facial expressions and hand gestures. Particularly, this study examined the inferior parietal lobule and the frontal operculum as the potential MNS brain regions involved in nonverbal communication. Further evidence comes from another fMRI study by Montgomery, Isenberg and Haxby (2007)-which demonstrated the activation of the MNS during hand movements used to manipulate objects and hand gestures used to communicate. A third fMRI study by Van, Minderaa and Keysers (2007) highlighted similar results by examining other putative MNS brain regions-inferior frontal gyrus, posterior parietal cortex, insula and amygdala-thought to be associated with facial expressions. Activity spontaneously increased in the MNS of participants that produced and observed certain facial expressions (Van et al., 2007). A study by Enticott, Johnston, Herring, Hoy, and Fitzgerald (2008) demonstrated an associations between mirror neurons and facial emotion processing. Instead of using fMRI as a method of analysis, Enticott and colleagues (2008) used the transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) technique. In brief, much evidence supporting the involvement of the MNS in the processes of facial expression and hand gesture exists. Such forms of communication form the basis for the later, more complex, verbal language development. Taking this thought further, verbal language also seems to be linked to the MNS. Firstly, Rizzollati et al. (1998) marked the discovery of mirror neurons in the F5 area within the monkeys’ frontal cortex. This primate-specific F5 area has been considered to be the homolog of the human Broca’s area, which is a region crucial for language (Rizzollati et al., 1998). With this in mind, Horwitz et al. (2003) demonstrated that both spoken and signed language are associated with mirror neurons firing in Broca’s area as a result of the production of language. In addition, an fMRI study by Aziz-Zadeh, Wilson, Rizzollati, and Lacoboni (2006) made evident that the MNS of the premotor cortex is activated both when participants observed mouth, hand and foot movements and when participants read phrases related to these body parts. Overall, these findings suggest that indeed the MNS influences verbal language. Moreover, another way of understanding the importance of the mirror neurons’ influence on human social interaction is by considering the consequences of a malfunctioning system. Autism spectrum disorder is characterized by social and language impairments. In other words, individuals with autism tend to be less interactive when it comes to communicating with others. Part of the MNS-the posterior inferior frontal and rostral inferior parietal areas are affiliated with social behaviour and imitative learning; however these areas have deficits in autistic individuals (Locoboni Mazziotta, 2007). In one study individuals with autism spectrum disorder showed significantly different electroencephalography (EEG) recordings of mirror neurons compared to a control group consisting of healthy individuals (Oberman, Hubbard, McCleery, Altschular, Ramachandran, Pineda, 2005). Similarly, schizophrenia is another disorder characterized by deficits in social communication, especially of the nonverbal type. Research by Kato Y., Muramatsu, Kato M., Shibukawa, Shintani, and Mimura (2011) using magnetoencephalography recordings on the right inferior parietal cortex showed atypical mirror neuron activity in non-treated schizophrenia patients. Likewise, similar results were found in a study that tested mirror neuron activity using TMS,; it was demonstrated that during action observation a reduction in motor facilitation occurs in schizophrenia patients (Enticott, Hoy, Herring, Johnston, Daskalakis, Fitgerald, 2008). Clearly, communication impairments observed in individuals with autism and schizophrenia are influenced by the MNS. In conclusion, human social interaction is influenced by mirror neurons. Evidence supports this statement through research done on the involvement of the MNS in nonverbal communication, including facial expressions and hand gestures and verbal language. Research has also suggested that an impaired MNS negatively affects social interaction, which is exemplified in the cases of autism and schizophrenia. Taken as a whole, combining mirror neurons’ role in imitative behaviour and social interaction-the process through which humans possibly acquire new social knowledge becomes evident. Additionally, the presence of mirror neurons in primates as well as humans provide evidence for the development of social interaction over the course of evolution. Thus, in order to further strengthen their existing relationship, future research should examine the co-evolution of mirror neurons and social interaction.

The History of Auditing :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

The History of Auditing Abstract The evolution of auditing is a complicated history that has always been changing through historical events. Auditing always changed to meet the needs of the business environment of that day. Auditing has been around since the beginning of human civilization, focusing mainly, at first, on finding efraud. As the United States grew, the business world grew, and auditing began to play more important roles. In the late 1800’s and early 1900’s, people began to invest money into large corporations. The Stock Market crash of 1929 and various scandals made auditors realize that their roles in society were very important. Scandals and stock market crashes made auditors aware of deficiencies in auditing, and the auditing community was always quick to fix those deficiencies. The auditors’ job became more difficult as the accounting principles changed, and became easier with the use of internal controls. These controls introduced the need for testing; not an in-depth detailed audit. Auditing jobs would have to change to meet the changing business world. The invention of computers impacted the auditors’ world by making their job at times easier and at times making their job more difficult. Finally, the auditors’ job of certifying and testing companies’ financial statements is the backbone of the business world. Introduction Auditing has been the backbone of the complicated business world and has always changed with the times. As the business world grew strong, auditors’ roles grew more important. The auditors’ job became more difficult as the accounting principles changed. It also became easier with the use of internal controls, which introduced the need for testing, not a complete audit. Scandals and stock market crashes made auditors aware of deficiencies in auditing, and the auditing community was always quick to fix those deficiencies. Computers played an important role of changing the way audits were performed and also brought along some difficulties. A Brief History of Early Auditing Auditing has existed since the beginning of human society. Auditing was used mostly for the detection of fraud and was done through extensive detailed examination from ancient times until the late nineteenth century (Lee, 1988). Fraud was a great concern during the early history of auditing, because internal controls were not used or not used effectively until the twentieth century. The late nineteenth century was a turning point in auditing history, when laws like the English Companies Act of 1862 were enacted.