Cognitive Aging Through A Variety Of Theories - 1432 Words

Research has attempted to explain cognitive aging through a variety of theories. Each of these theories believes that it can encapsulate all the changes that occur in cognition as individual’s age. Some of these cognitive aging theories include executive function, speed of processing, inhibition and frontal lobe theory. This paper will examine each theory along with the supporting research. Furthermore this paper will attempt to draw a conclusion on which theory or explanation best explains cognitive aging. The first theory that aims to explain cognitive aging is executive functioning or executive control. Executive functioning tends to become entangled with speed of processing across the literature. However, it should be noted that executive function encompasses many complex tasks and cognitive facets. A study done by C.T Albinet et al. (2012) tried to identify the key elements of executive functioning thus allowing it to stand-alone. Albinet et al. (2012) identified that executive functioning is the ability to create goals, â€Å"planning, action sequences monitoring, mental flexibility, inhibition updating working memory† (Albinet et al, 2012, pg.2). Essentially executive functioning is higher level everyday functioning. A study done by Cepeda, Blackwell Munakata (2013) suggests that executive function is needed behind many tasks that may be considered part of speed of processing. An example the study (Cepeda, Blackwell, Munakata, 2013) provided was in young childrenShow M oreRelatedEffects of Aging on Cognitive Development898 Words   |  4 PagesEffects of Aging on Cognitive Development Daphney Walker PSYCH/640 May 5, 2014 Holly Berry Effects of Aging on Cognitive Development Aging is a natural process of life however, studies show that there are some age-related decline in cognitive development. As a person grows older some brain cell dies, shrink, or weaken and cause some decline in brain functions. Some cognitive processes include attention, working memory, long-term memory, perception, and executive control. The material willRead MoreA Clinical Case Study On Mild Cognitive Impairment Essay1409 Words   |  6 Pagesmajor changes in the way our brains work may be signs of cognitive changes. This essay showcases a clinical case study on Mild Cognitive Impairment. It describes the process of cognitive development according to theorist Jean Piaget. It overviews the three basic cognitive function of the brain. It explains several cognitive impairments related to the elderly. Last, it details cognitive assessment used to detection and measurement of cognitive impairments in the elderly. Case Study A 78-year-oldRead MoreDevelopmental Stage Analysis1644 Words   |  7 Pagesyear old Ben who is beginning the toilet training process. And my second client Jake who is forty- five years old and is feeling unappreciated, Jake has recently purchased a corvette after driving a truck for the last twenty years. Ben is going through the Preoperational stage. During this time, children start using language to explore and understand their worlds (rather than relying primarily on sensory and motor activities). In this stage, children ask questions and use symbolic thinking. TheyRead MoreCognitive Behavior Therapy1349 Words   |  6 PagesCognitive Behavior Therapy Developed by Dr. Aaron T. Beck,  Cognitive Therapy (CT), or Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT), is a form of psychotherapy in which the therapist and the client work together as a team to identify and solve problems. Therapists help clients to overcome their difficulties by changing their thinking, behavior, and emotional responses. A System of Psychotherapy Cognitive therapy is a comprehensive system of psychotherapy, and treatment is based on an elaborated and empiricallyRead MoreThe Number Of Adults Over The Age Of 651551 Words   |  7 Pagesbeing unable to live independently. The common age-related changes include hearing impairment, weakening in vision, arthritis, hypertension, heart disease, diabetes, and osteoporosis. The most extreme impairment is when older adults experience cognitive changes that are associated with mental processing. (citation) The need for assistance and information for senior citizen continues to increase. There are resources that are offered by the federal government, area agencies, and non-profit organizationsRead MoreDevelopmental Psychology1198 Words   |  5 Pagespath of the average life span. Originally concerned with infants and young children, the field has extended to include adolescence, adult development, the aging, and the entire life span. This field of study scrutinizes adjustments across an extensive variety of subjects including motor skills and other psycho-physiological processes; cognitive development involving areas such as moral understanding, problem solving, and conceptual understanding; language acquisition; personality, social, and emotionalRead MoreSunscreen And The World Of Sunscreen1578 Words   |  7 Pagesof Wearing Sunscreen Sunscreen per Be Health and Relax (2009) is a product that contains a blocker that protects the skin from UVA and UVB rays. The former type of rays cause sunburn, while the latter damages the skin and is a strong cause of skin aging at a premature level. Sunscreens have what is known as an SPF, or sun protection factor. In order to be effective, each sunscreen product should have one of at least 30+. Sunscreens that individual consumers should purchase should have at a minimumRead MoreSocial Development And Journey Towards Autonomy876 Words   |  4 Pagescommunication can be present in a variety of happy partnerships. The life coarse theory says that social –cultural timing has a huge impact on people s lives and transitional choices. At this point in the photo collage, I start to speculate what my life will be like. The next stage in our lives is having children and starting our family. Two major theories begin to explain the next stages in my development, Erikson s Theory and Social Clock theory. These two theories effect cognitive changes related to earlyRead MoreReflection Paper On Aging1710 Words   |  7 Pagesthe embodied aging and experience by creating a storyline based on the character, Billy, shared the good news of him finally proposing to his much younger girlfriend with his dearest friends and wanted them to be supportive in his decision-making. All four friends decided to escape from their daily lives a couple of days in order to throw a bachelor party together for Billy in Las Vegas (Last Vegas, 2013). They have been best friends since childhood, yet have experienced a different aging journey (LastRead MoreThe Woman Of A Nurse1740 Words   |  7 Pageschurch every day of the week, appears to be very grandmotherly and she looks impressively good for her age. The gender that she expresses is female. Her speaking level is intelligent, with an overall proper use of grammar, correct enunciation, and a variety of words of phrases. Her hearing is mostly all there, though she had a little trouble hearing some of my questions, and she responded in a fair amount of time when a question was asked. I would determine her functionality as plenty sufficient, although

Effects Of Depression During Pregnancy On Children Essay

In a recent meta-analysis of 28 articles regarding depression during pregnancy, Gavin et al. found that up to 13% of women experience depressive episodes at some point during pregnancy or within the first year postpartum. The prenatal period is a very important time for the growth of the offspring, therefore a range of exposures can have long-term changes. Not only will it have immediate effects on the fetus, the impact of a woman’s mental state has been found to have lasting effects up to childhood and adolescence (Kinsella, 2013). The mental state of the mother causes a chain of hormones to be released if stressed. Once a mother is stressed, the fetus activities decrease and are less responsive to stimulants. Due to stress hormones, the fetuses have low birth weight and are at a higher risk of preterm delivery. Prenatal depression has been noted to be able to predict the likelihood of postpartum depression from hormones such as low dopamine. Depression during pregnancy negat ively affects the development of offspring. One of the first studies on prenatal depression showed that fetuses of depressed mothers had less total movement, and had a higher heart rate than a fetus of a woman who was not depressed (Field, 2010). Fetuses of women suffering from depression have shown to have a higher base heart rate, a delayed response to stimulus, increased fetal activity, different sleep patterns and a longer recovery time back to the base heart rate which indicates an impact on theShow MoreRelatedPrevalence Of Depression Among Pregnant Women1465 Words   |  6 PagesPrevalence of depression among pregnant women is higher than many think. If a woman is depressed during her pregnancy it is important for her to seek help. It is more dangerous for her and her baby if she does not seek help. There are multiple antidepressants available for women to take during their pregnancy. Some examples of antidepressants available are tricyclic, fluoxetine, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).7 Selective ser otonin reuptake inhibitors are the most popular antidepressantsRead MoreDepression And Anxiety786 Words   |  4 PagesSymptoms of depression and anxiety are common during pregnancy and greatly effect a women’s health behaviors. The impact of women’s mental health on alcohol use is very significant to examine as prenatal alcohol use, which is common and can have serious negative consequences for the evolving fetus. Elevated symptoms of depression and anxiety can increase risk for binge drinking during pregnancy. Alcohol use during pregnancy may be associated with extremely detrimental effects for the developing fetusRead MorePostpartum Depression : Symptoms And Treatments Essay1101 Words   |  5 PagesDepression Postpartum in United States According to Merriam Webster Dictionary, depression is â€Å"a psychoneurotic or psychotic disorder marked especially by sadness, inactivity, difficulty in thinking and concentration, a significant increase or decrease in appetite and time spent sleeping, feelings of dejection and hopelessness, and sometimes suicidal tendencies.† According to the definition of the fourth version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), postpartum depressionRead MoreThe Maternal Depression During Pregnancy Essay1120 Words   |  5 PagesMATERNAL DEPRESSION DURING PREGNANCY Sasha Safi 20122595 Notre Dame University PSL 310 Dr. Lara El Khatib January, 7, 2016 MATERNAL DEPRESSION DURING PREGNANCY When pregnant especially for the first time many women inform themselves on things they can do that are beneficial for the growth and development of their baby and things they should avoid or not do since it can be dangerous for their baby such as smokingRead MoreThe Trauma That Young Girls Experience When Faced With An Unplanned Pregnancy Essay1476 Words   |  6 Pagesexperience when faced with an unplanned pregnancy. Not only does pregnancy physically take a toll on a woman’s body, but also being pregnant under the age of 19 with a shaken view of the future can significantly heighten depression, anxiety, and stress for the mother and the baby. This paper aims to highlight the effects of these types of trauma within pregnancy, the most effective forms of treatment, and the influences that these types of trauma would have on the pregnancy itself without the interventionRead MoreThe Role Of Literature Of Maternal Depression During Prenatal Stages1110 Words   |  5 Pages Evaluating the Relationship of Literature of Maternal Depression during Prenatal Stages. Depression can occur at any time. We often hear talk of postpartum depression or the baby blues, which occurs shortly after the birth of a baby. Though we rarely discuss depression that occurs during pregnancy or prenatal depression. There are estimates that as many as 70% of women will experience symptoms of depression during pregnancy, making it a widespread concern. However, these depressive symptoms areRead MoreExposure To Social Violence1134 Words   |  5 Pagesdemonstrate that exposure to social violence, which happened during the first 18 years of a woman’s life, influence her later life and wellbeing including her reproductive health, pointed out in our analysis as preterm birth, low birth weight, and acute fetal distress. The more social ACEs that women experienced, the greater were their risks of presenting adverse pregnancy outcomes. Our results showed that exposure to social ACEs and negative pregnancy outcomes (low birth weight and fetal distress) were notRead M oreThe Effects Of Depression On Pregnancy And The Postpartum Period758 Words   |  4 PagesDepression is more common in women than in men across all age groups and cultural backgrounds with a female to male ratio of 1.68 (Kessler et al. 1993). Women are at their greatest risk of suffering from depression during the childbearing years. Currently, up to 20% of the pregnant women population are prescribed an antidepressant during pregnancy (Pawluski JL), and others may become pregnant while on one. According to Mourilhe and Stokes (1998), only one in 20 depressed patients are diagnosed andRead MoreMaternal Depression And Its Effects On Many Individuals1384 Words   |  6 Pages Introduction Maternal depression can have effects on many individuals. It is a disorder that can have ramifications on women, men, children, and families. Maternal depression is not a disorder that just happens postnatal , this diagnosis can occur in the prenatal stages. It s estimated that 1 in 10 pregnant women and 13 percent of new mothers experience depression. Maternal depression is a mood disorder that begins before or immediately after childbirth. It affects a mother or fathers abilityRead MoreEssay On Fight For Women Health863 Words   |  4 Pagesextraordinary. During pregnancy, the hormones can change the way a woman can act, think, or feel. For some, one of those symptoms could be depression. Antenatal depression is a form of depression that can affect a woman during her pregnancy. In an article, Pregnancy Blues Can Be Crippling, it states that â€Å"one in seven women experience depression during pregnancy or within 12 months of delivery.† Many women suffer through this and they can never really tell if its serious depression or just

Sustainability Approach of Wal-Mart

Questions: 1) Impact of sustainability approach by Wal-Mart.2) Reason behind improving performance when retail outlets have been suffering financially.3) Identification of Wal-Marts key stakeholders and recent approaches to improve social responsibility.4) The social responsibility of business is to increase its profits for the statement.5) Explanation of two other companies that have reputation of socially responsible to their stakeholders and being profitable. Answers: 1) Impact of sustainability approach by Wal-Mart Wal-Mart has made considerable approaches towards making it a greener company and to improve its image by making a sustainable approach towards the society. Some of the sustainable approaches made by the company include attempt to make sustainability 360 by reducing the use of greenhouse gases. Designing of new prototypes for developing and implementing innovative energy-efficient technology in the existing stores of Wal-Mart was an approach made towards sustainability (Berman Evans, 2013). In 2005, the company was opened to violation of safe environmental practices by the US Attorneys office in California due to the concerns related to recycling of their product. Approach made by the company to recycle the products and create sustainability has created positive impact in the society. Selling of products at a much lower rate leading to annual savings of at least $950 per person had increased the sale of the products of the company (Ferrell, Fraedrich Ferrell, 2013). Although the co mpany faced a number of ethical issues regarding the misconduct of the illegal immigration and exploiting the labor force, the sustainability approach has helped to improve the image of the company. 2) Reason behind improving performance when retail outlets have been suffering financially It has been recognized that Wal-Mart was a growing company and remained the largest and the most dominating retail organization. The company was the largest nongovernment employer in the United States, Canada and Mexico. The company has been rewarded as the most admired company by Fortune. The company has been utilizing the labor force unethically. Wal-Mart had appointed 250 illegal immigrants as cleaning crews in 61 stores in 21 states (Ferrell, Fraedrich Ferrell, 2013). These employees were employed at a much lower wage and work as seven days a week. These approaches have reduced the logistic and supply chain management costs. This has helped the company to offer products at a lower rate to the customers that was not possible for other local retail shops. It was due to the low price of the product that attracted more customers and helped them to improve their performance (Ferrell Fraedrich, 2015). The pricing policy was the major factor that was responsible for the mixed success of the company. There has been low-cost production that reduced the packaging cost by at least 5% that has also reduced the manufacturing cost for the retail company and therefore, they could supply the products at a lower cost (Ferrell, Fraedrich Ferrell, 2013). These were the basic reasons behind the continuous success of the retail company in spite being at a financial stake. 3) Identification of Wal-Marts key stakeholders and recent approaches to improve social responsibility Wal-Mart has majority of its business in China. It is the largest employer in USA. The major stakeholders of the company that are depended on Wal-Mart for their business are Clorox (23%), Revlon (22%) and Kelloggs (12%) (Ferrell, Fraedrich Ferrell, 2013). Certain approaches made by the company to improve their relationship with the stakeholders include encouraging of part-time jobs that have benefitted the company in a way that encouraged the performance of the employees. With this approach, Susan Chamber, the vice-president of the company has been able to encourage the employees of the company. Sam Walton supported the open-door policy that encouraged the employees to come up with their problems without resorting to any third party. In order to improve the condition of the employees regarding meal breaks the managers of the retail company altered the time card to prevent any kind of overtime. In fact, Wal-Mart agreed to pay $640 million to settle the lawsuits regarding the employee disputes. These approaches helped the retail company to create a positive image among the employees as well as the other stakeholders of the company. 4) The social responsibility of business is to increase its profits for the statement Social responsibility helps to create a positive image of the company among the society. Social responsibility creates a respect among the people for the company. It enhances employee loyalty and that in turn improves the efficiency of business operation. Social responsibilities create a positive image among the stakeholders that in turn makes them happier and helps to enhance companys stock price. In the view point of Ferrell, Fraedrich and Ferrell, (2013), producing high quality products or treating the employees correctly and not focusing primarily into profit will avoid any kind of law suits or employee turnover that will ultimately results in profitability of the business. Employee satisfaction is one of the key components for the sustainability of a business. Therefore, by involving certain approaches to measure the satisfactory level of the employees, balancing the profitability of the business can be done easily. 5) Explanation of two other companies that have reputation of socially responsible to their stakeholders and being profitable McDonald, the fast food giant and Volkswagen, the car manufacturer are the two companies that have showed their implication towards a social responsibility. Major approaches made by McDonald are using of eco friendly packaging with 100% fiber packaging. The company has joined hands with White House of USA to maintain the global climatic condition. In terms of beef burger, the company has ensured that beef sustainability shall be the priority for the company (Oates, Alevizou McDonald, 2016). These approaches have created positive implication among the customers as well as in the society. Following a common set of guidelines has helped to develop best practices for the sustainability approach. In case of Volkswagen, the car manufacturer focuses greatly on environmental impact of the burning of fuels. The car manufacturer has proposed to equip their cars with sustainable engines that emit less carbon particles (Ihlen Roper, 2014). Although several questions have been raised regarding the sustainable approach made by the company, it has been a profitable business for the company for a time being (Whiteman Hoster, 2015). It can be said that sustainability approaches shall be undertaken by the companies to improve their business image in the society. References: Berman, B. R., Evans, J. R. (2013).Retail management: a strategic approach. Pearson Higher Ed. Ferrell, O. C., Fraedrich, J. (2015).Business ethics: Ethical decision making cases. Nelson Education. Ferrell, O., Fraedrich, J., Ferrell, L. (2013).Business ethics: Ethical decision making and cases(9th ed.). Mason, OH: South-Western. Ihlen, ., Roper, J. (2014). Corporate reports on sustainability and sustainable development:We have arrived.Sustainable development,22(1), 42-51. Oates, C., Alevizou, P., McDonald, S. (2016). Challenges for Marketers in Sustainable Production and Consumption.Sustainability,8(1), 75. Whiteman, G., Hoster, H. (2015). Vehicle emissions: Volkswagen and the road to Paris.Nature,527(7576), 38.

Western Civilization an Example of the Topic History Essays by

Western Civilization Western Civilization an Example of the Topic History Essays by Western Civilization Introduction Civilization also referred to as culture. According to the dictionary, the definition of culture is the custom and beliefs, art, way and social organization of a particular country or group. Culture actually is based on the traditions, lifestyle language and the day to day way of life. Culture of a particular place is usually determined by the traditions of the people and whether they interact with the person from the other communities. Western culture or western civilization is used to refer to cultures of European origin and all other cultures that are descendants. Need essay sample on "Western Civilization" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed History of western civilization Western culture is always changing, as all other cultures it has gradually changed with time, this differs from place to place and time to time. It is possible to follow the history of evolution of each group of the west, how they differ from each other, their similarities, how they contribute to other cultures and how they borrow from other cultures. Example, Greeks and Americans fall under one culture, but they act differently in regard to religions, games, education and even innovation. (Duran, 1995) Though sometime there is some contrast between the west and eastern culture, it is criticized by the difficulty to determine which culture one falls, in some ways, its not determinant of various activities, it has been transformed to more important use. Though it has descended from academic factors, it has become a crucial factor in identifying important culture differences and similarities both to individual and communities Influence of western civilization The western culture has great influence to other cultures world wide. People of all cultures both western and eastern cultures try to modernize their way of living both economically and technologically. To some extent this has gone to much to a point they threaten the welfare of human life, and this is rejected for being incompatible with the vision and the values of societies. Technology and social patterns which make up modernization were developed by the western culture. Nonetheless, much of anthropology today has shown the close links between the physical environment and daily activities and the formation of a culture (the findings of cultural ecology. (Stearns, 2003) Conclusion Western civilization has contributed to shaping of modern world. The origin of the western culture has been diversified by the wide range groups with different visions and goals. This has also contributed to urge of modernizing the world regardless of the culture. This also raises the difference in societies due to different beliefs and difference in goals. Reference: Duran, E. (1995) Native American Postcolonial Psychology Albany: State University of New York Press Stearns, P. (2003). Western Civilization in World History. New York: Routledge.