Willy Loman as a Tragic Hero in Arthur Millers Death of a...

Willy Loman as a Tragic Hero in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman Should Willy Loman of Arthur Millers classic, Death of a Salesman be regarded as a tragic hero, or merely a working-class, socially inadequate failure? Described by Miller as a self-destructive, insecure anti-hero, it seems almost impossible for Loman to be what is known as a tragic hero in the classical sense, but with the inclusion of other factors he maybe a tragic hero, at least in the modern context, or partially suit one nonetheless. To make the decision as to Whether Loman is a tragic hero or not, one must define the term tragic hero and reveal its development in theatre over the course of time. The tragic hero†¦show more content†¦Although Shakespeare tends to follow this pattern; his education may have led him to lesser liberal thinking. Miller believes it may also include the modern common man. To relate Loman to the likes of Lear, Hamlet, Oedipus, directly would be ludicrous but some comparisons can be made. As Biff states Loman does follow the wrong dreams but he does work and he is just able to provide for his family and pay off the mortgage. However it is clear that even Lomans best is not enough, this is shown by the result of the borrowing of money from Charley. As salesmen are paid on commission Loman cannot be faulted on this, as his age, work conditions and his mental state are all core contributors to the fact he cannot make ends meet. The other tragic heroes have faults of which are the trigger of their demise i.e. Othellos jealousy. Likewise Loman has his own faults, his main one being, and his belief in the American dream. The American dream is a concept that, any one who works hard, can succeed in the land of opportunity. This offers riches to those who start with nothing. Ben is a true representation of this as Willy states, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a man started with the clothes on his back and ended up with diamond minesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Loman has yet to achieve such a goal yet still holds on to the dreams atShow MoreRelated Willy Loman, Redefining the Tragic Hero in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman1065 Words   |  5 PagesWilly Loman, Redefining the Tragic Hero in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman      Ã‚  Ã‚   The events in the life of Willy Loman in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman are no doubt tragic, yet whether or not he can be considered a tragic hero in a traditional sense is a topic requiring some discussion. Aristotle set the criteria for qualities a character must possess in order to be considered a tragic hero. In order to reach a conclusion on this matter, all six criteria must be examined to determineRead MoreArthur Miller s Death Of A Salesman Essay1567 Words   |  7 Pagesstory, which represents a character with a tragic flaw leading to his downfall. In addition, in traditional tragedy, the main character falls from high authority and often it is predetermined by fate, while the audience experiences catharsis (Irving 247). Arthur Miller’s play Death of a Salesman is considered to be a tragedy because this literary work has some of the main characteristics of the tragedy genre. In this play, the main character Willy Loman possesses such traits and behaviors that leadRead MoreDeath Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller1573 Words   |  7 Pagessad story, which represents a character with a tragic flaw leading to his downfall. In addition, in traditional tragedy, the main character falls from high authority and often it is predetermined by fate, while the audience experiences catharsis (Bloom 2). Arthur Miller’s play Death of a Salesman is considered to be a tragedy because this literary work has some of the main characteristics of the tragedy genre. In this play, the main character Willy Loman possesses such traits and behaviors that leadRead More Death of a Salesman is a Tragedy as Defined in Millers Tragedy and the Common Man1046 Words   |  5 PagesDeath of a Salesman is a Tragedy as Defined in Millers Tragedy and the Common Man In Tragedy and the Common Man, Arthur Miller discusses his definition and criteria for tragedy as they apply to the common man. The criteria and standards proposed by Miller may be used to evaluate his timeless work, Death of A Salesman. The first major standard of tragedy set forth is:   â€Å"...if the exaltation of tragic action were truly a property of the high-bred character alone, it is inconceivable thatRead MoreCharacteristics Of Willy Loman A Tragic Hero834 Words   |  4 PagesWilly Loman a Tragic Hero? Death Of a Salesman is a 1949 play written by american playwright Arthur Miller. It is a breathtaking play about Willy Loman, a salesman, trying to chase a dream that died long ago. It expresses how the old man’s life comes crumbling down with his last few attempts to make some of his dream reality and help his family in debt. Now people are debating weather Willy loman fits the right characteristics to be classified as a tragic hero. A tragic hero is someone who makesRead MoreWilly Loman: the Tragic Hero Essay1462 Words   |  6 PagesArthur Miller made the comment that a tragic hero â€Å"has the inherent unwillingness to remain passive in the face of what he conceives to be a challenge to his dignity.† Nowhere is this more evident than in Miller’s play Death of a Salesman, where salesman Willy Loman desperately struggles to regain a sense of dignity after experiencing a number of setbacks in his life. Despite not being able to provide for his family, Willy Loman continues the futile struggle to earn a living, which shows the despairRead MoreWilly Loman, the Modern Hero in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman1739 Words   |  7 Pages In Arthur Miller’s essay â€Å"Tragedy and the Common Man†, a picture is painted of a â€Å"flaw-full† man, known as the modern hero of tragedies. Miller describes what characteristics the modern tragic hero possesses and how he differs from the heroes depicted by classic Greek playwrights such as Sophocles and Aristotle. In order to understand how drastically the modern hero has evolved, one must first understand the basic characteristics that the heroes created by Sophocles and Aristotle encompass. TheRead More The American Dream Conspiracy in Death of a Salesman Essay1728 Words   |  7 PagesArthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman tells the story of the failure of a salesman, Willy Loman. Although not all Americans are salesmen, most of us share Willy’s dream of success. We are all partners in the American Dream and parties to the conspiracy of silence surrounding the fact that failures must outnumber successes.(Samantaray, 2014) Miller amalgamates the archetypal tragic hero with the mundane American citizen. The result is the anti-hero, Willy Loman. He is a simple salesman who constantlyRead MoreDeath of a Salesman vs Hamlet: Tragic Heroes The Essence of Fragile Dreams1151 Words   |  5 Pagesevery person contains characteristics that describe that of a hero, do they not? Each human has endured hardship and suffering. Each human mind composes itself of superior and appalling traits. Each human mind invents a hero as someone they could not measure up to, no matter how much they hope and dream. In the plays â€Å"Hamlet† by William Shakespeare, and â€Å"Death of a Salesman† by Arthur Miller, the main characters, Hamlet and Willy Loman, possess several heroic qualities, but unfortunately their fatesRead MoreHow Is Willy Loman A Tragic Hero727 Words   |  3 Pages The tragic hero referenced throughout the essay Tragedy and a Common Man is Willy Loman from Death of a Salesman. What Arthur Mille r means by tragic hero is a protagonist in a play or a different form of filmography who is a subject for tragedy in its highest sense. The essay refers to a character who is ready to lay down his life to secure his personal dignity. The next reference to this character is society the struggle to gain a rightful position. The last proof of this is how Miller talks about

Hillary Rodham vs Michelle Obama Essay - 719 Words

Compare and Contrast Essay Brian L. Marone Excelsior College maronebrian@gmail.com English 101 Instructor: BK Harvey 16 January 2013 Hillary Clinton Vs Michelle Obama Many people usually spend the majority their time comparing the past and present presidents against each other. They always talk about the things the presidents have accomplished leaving behind a great legacy, but they never consider the great women behind the man. Hillary Rodham Clinton and Michelle LaVaughn Robinson Obama are both very different accomplished First Ladies. Both women had different college career paths. Hillary first attracted national attention in 1969 for her remarks as the first student commencement speaker at Wellesley College.†¦show more content†¦Michelle served as an associate at the Chicago office of the law firm Sidley Austin. At the firm, she worked on marketing and intellectual property. In 1991, she held public sector positions in the Chicago city government as an Assistant to the Mayor and as Assistant Commissioner of Planning and Development. In 1993, she became Executive Director for the Chicago office o f Public Allies, a non-profit organization encouraging young people to work on social issues in nonprofit groups and government agencies. She worked there nearly four years and set fundraising records for the organization that still stood 12 years after she left. Hillary and Michelle both have contributed differently to the nation as First Lady. In January 1993, Hillary Clinton headed a Task Force on National Health Care Reform known as the Clinton health care plan, a proposal that required employers to provide health coverage to their employees through individual health maintenance organizations. Hillary supported the passage of the State Childrens Health Insurance Program in 1997, and promoted nationwide immunization against childhood illnesses and encouraged older women to seek a mammogram to detect breast cancer, with coverage provided by Medicare. Hillary inspired various medical improvements throughout all areas of medical care and treatment. Michelle supported the econom ic stimulus bill in visits to the United

The Human Rights Of Harriet Tubman, Mother Jones, And...

Fighting for Human Rights How can a person make a big difference in human rights? Well, Harriet Tubman, Mother Jones, and Melba Pattillo Beals are all examples of people who fought and made a big impact for all human rights. While Harriet Tubman and Melba Pattillo Beals stood up for African American Rights, Mother Jones fought for child labor laws, and all these individuals were determined to take action for their cause. These special people helped to enact change by standing up for rights they believe in, and fighting for equality due to racial discrimination or child labor. Harriet Tubman is such an inspirational and important person to remember in life’s history. She fought against slavery by helping other slaves gain freedom since†¦show more content†¦She even jeopardized her own safety to help guide all these people. Because of all these reasons, she inspires and motivates many people to be an activist and fight for something that someone may believe in. â€Å"She continues to inspire ge nerations of Americans struggling for civil rights with her bravery and bold action† (Biography.com). This shows that Harriet Tubman still today encourages everyone to stand up for a cause that may be important to anyone. It is essential to defend human rights because it is not fair to be enslaved and treated poorly because of your skin color. Everyone should be free and have equal rights. It is also important to stand up for what you believe in, even if it means going against the law. Mother Jones is also another individual who is extremely caring and important especially when it comes to Child Labor Laws. Mother Jones fought for child labor laws by â€Å"The March of the Mill Children† which was when herself and some of the mill children marched to the President. After seeing the mill children and the terrible working conditions, Mother Jones decided it was time to take a stand to prevent children from these awful conditions, since they were paid very little and not fed properly. â€Å"In countless shacks and shanties across the country, she hadShow MoreRelatedHarriet Tubman, Mother Jones, And Melba Pattillo Beals1430 Words   |  6 Pagescan a person make a big difference in human rights? Well, Harriet Tubman, Mother Jones, and Melba Pattillo Beals are all examples of people who fought and made a big impact for all human rights. While Harriet Tubman and Melba Pattillo Beals stood up for African American Rights, Mother Jones fought for child labor laws, and all these individuals were determined to take action for their cause. These special people helped to enact change by standing up for rights they believe in, and fighting for equality

Relational Database Management System ( Rdbms ) - 996 Words

Background This report provides analysis and evaluation of how Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) can be applied to improve organization and business effectiveness. The method of analysis includes basic information of Relational Database Management System and reference of how database management can bring positive improvement on manage small or large amount of information in the organization. Also, include a brief information of business those are successful in their field’s thanks of the application of database system in their organizations and recommendations to apply Relational Database Management System to the company. Analysis Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) is an engine/system based on the relational model created by Edgar F. Codd in 1970. The major distinguish of this system is the ability to use tables for data storage while maintain and enforce certain data relationship. Another aspect of this system is that allow users to insert, update, retrieve, and delete specific content or contents storage in the database. Also, RDBMS provides relational operator codes that enable the relationship between two or more entities in a database (Dangerfield Morris,1990). These system’s characteristics can be applied on business operations improving company management of small and large amount of information from a specific department or workplace. Relational Database Management allows monitoring all information flow from that specific departmentShow MoreRelatedRelational Database Management System ( Rdbms )10516 Words   |  43 PagesAbstract: In Nowadays, there are two major of database management systems which are use to deal with data, the first one called Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) which is the traditional relational databases, it deals with structured data and have been popular since decades since 1970, while the second one called Not only Structure Query Language databases (NoSQL), they are dealing with semi-structured and unstructured data; the NoSQL types are gaining their popularity with the developmentRead MoreRelational Database Management Systems ( Rdbms )1104 Words   |  5 Pagesdata is called big data and the insights from big data can help examine trends, understand customer preferences and help the organizations take better decisions which results in better customer service and effective marketing. Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMS) provides an efficient way for storage and processing of data but have limitations when it comes to handling Big Data. Apache Hadoop is an open source framework and its helps in the distributed processing of Big Data. HadoopRead MoreRelational Database Management System ( Rdbms )1210 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract Relational database management system (RDBMS) have used for many decades. However, these databases are facing several challenges with the requirements of many organizations like high scalability and availability. They cannot deal with huge amount of data and requests efficiently. As a result, famous organizations such as Google and Amazon shift from RDBMS to NoSQL databases. NoSQL databases have several features that overcome issues. This paper explains features, principles, and data modelsRead MoreDatabase And Knowledge Base Management System1364 Words   |  6 PagesITM 540: Database and Knowledge-Base Management Dr. Ying Liu August 16, 2013 Introduction Information and data have become the cornerstone of business enterprises today. Financial services organizations rely on important trade and market data, retail business rely on consumer and market data, and military organizations are concerned with classified and national security-sensitive data. As these organizations continue spend more time, effort, and money into the management of thisRead MoreA Survey On Nosql Database And Relational Database2545 Words   |  11 PagesNoSQL database and relational database. (Under the direction of DR. JIANPING FAN) NoSQL database, also called as not only SQL database, is using a different data storage and retrieval mechanism from the relational tables adopted by traditional relational database management system. In the sense of CAP (Consistency, availability and tolerance) theorem, NoSQL database sacrifices some consistency features to get more availabilities and partition tolerances. In most cases, NoSQL database systems areRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography On Hierarchical Database902 Words   |  4 PagesHierarchical Database Kind of database model which is designed in a hierarchy completely access to data beginning at the highest of hierarchical then changes to down such as customer to order. Also this system relation records together same a family tree that each record has just one owner. The hierarchical typical structure has levels which shows one –to – many also relationship between a parent and children divisions. The main key this models which following by each parent can have many childrenRead MoreDifferent Data Models And Schemas907 Words   |  4 Pagesn of different data models and schemas a) Critically compare the following database types (schemas) Hierarchical Database Kind of database model which is designed in a hierarchy completely access to data beginning at the highest of hierarchical then changes to down such as customer to order. Also this system relation records together same a family tree that each record has just one owner. The hierarchical typical structure has levels which shows one –to – many also relationship between a parentRead MoreA Video Rental Store977 Words   |  4 Pagesconsists of over twenty thousand DVD and VHS videos covering fifteen different genres. Their customer base is over one thousand and the store grosses over thirty thousand dollars monthly. The business currently runs on a pen and paper inventory management systems. Customer video checkouts and check-ins are logged in a notebook ledger. The customer is given a membership ID cards when they register. The ID cards contains a sequential ID number and the customers basic information such as name, address andRead MoreAnalysis Of Nosql Database Management Depending On The Features And Differentiation Of Rdbms10140 Words   |  41 Pages ANALYSIS NOSQL DATABASE MANAGEMENT DEPENDING ON THE FEATURES AND DIFFERENTIATION OF RDBMS ZAHRAA MUSTAFA ABDULRAHMAN AL-ANI JUNE 2015 ANALYSIS NOSQL DATABASE MANAGEMENT DEPENDING ON THE FEATURES AND DIFFERENTIATION OF RDBMS A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES OF ÇANKAYA UNIVERSITY BY ZAHRAA MUSTAFA ABDULRAHMAN AL-ANI IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN THE DEPARTMENTRead More Relational and Object-oriented Database Management Systems Essay2156 Words   |  9 PagesRelational and Object-oriented Database Management Systems A database is a â€Å"shared collection of logically related data designed to meet the information needs of multiple users in an organization† (Hoffer 709). Databases contain data records or files, such as sales transactions, product catalogs and inventories, and customer profiles. Databases allows multiple users in an organization to easily access, manage, store, and update data when needed. A database management system is software

Gay Straight, And The Reason Why Essay - 1497 Words

It has long been debated where our sexual orientation comes from, particularly whether its biological or social forces driving these behaviors. In regards to homosexuality and bisexuals, some have argued that it may be a choice that these individuals are making.(Levay 2012: 41)Some have even said it is a mental disorder that one can recover from, but there is plenty of data that says otherwise.(Levay 2012: 41)(Levay 2012: 65) I believe diverse sexual orientations develop in humans due to sex hormones during fetal life, gene influences, and other effects such as birth order influences. I’ve come to this conclusion based on the narrative provided via Dr. Simon LeVay’s book Gay Straight, and the Reason Why, and the research that has been compiled showing strong influences from a multitude or reasons. I will also be looking at a research paper by Francesca Iemmola and Andrea Camperio Ciani, who looked into genetic factors influencing sexual orientation in men. It is clea r there are gender differences between men and women, and this is probably one of the strongest indicators that hormones can affect the outcome of variations in gender traits. Looking at male and females we can see the noticeable physical differences between the two sex, but besides exterior differences, there are subtle but significant differences within the brain. Spasificly INAH3 which is called â€Å"third interstitial nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus† which is typically about two to three times largerShow MoreRelatedGay Adoption And The United States1412 Words   |  6 Pages Gay parents! Yes I said it.What kind of impact do gay couples have on adoption agencies in the United States? â€Å"An estimated 65,500 adopted children are living with a lesbian or gay† parent (Lifelong Adoptions)​.†Ã¢â‚¬â€¹There are 1 million lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender parents raising about 2 million children in the U.S† (Why Gay Parents Are Good Parents). ​Even though people believe gay adoption will cause children to act different Gay adoption positively affects adoption agenciesRead MoreGay Adoption And The United States1412 Words   |  6 Pages Gay parents! Yes I said it.What kind of impact do gay couples have on adoption agencies in the United States? â€Å"An estimated 65,500 adopted children are living with a lesbian or gay† parent (Lifelong Adoptions)​.†Ã¢â‚¬â€¹There are 1 million lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender parents raising about 2 million children in the U.S† (Why Gay Parents Are Good Parents). ​Even though people believe gay adoption will cause children to act different Gay adoption positively affects adoption agenciesRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal1288 Words   |  6 Pagesopen minded with human rights. As of right now, there are ten states that allow gay marriages to be legal. Ten out of fifty is not a lot, but it’s progress. Same-sex marriage is a hostile topic. Some people are against it and others are for it. I am for same-sex marriage because I believe that every human being should be allowed to marry the person they love. Everyone should be treated equal and given the same rights. Why should society have the right to determine who we love and choose to spend theRead MoreGay marriage persuasive essay1663 Words   |  7 PagesGay Marriage in the United States The debate between whether gay marriage should be legalized or not has been a controversial topic recently. In the past twelve years, equal marriage rights have been legalized in 6 states of the U.S.. Eighteen states do not allow gay marriage and do not recognize civil unions. The other twenty six states allow civil unions, and some are debating legalizing gay marriage. Gay marriage should be legal across the United States. Not allowing gay marriage in any stateRead MoreWhy Gay Men and Straight Women Have Such Close Relationships860 Words   |  3 Pagesis an ever-growing topic, one might wonder why gay men tend to have the closest relationships with straight women. Ellen DeGeneres’ once said, â€Å"every straight woman has a gay best friend by their side.† Why is this? I decided to read and write about an experiment that was done to answer the question of why gay men and straight women have such close relationships. The article’s title is, â€Å"Friend with Benefits, but Without the Sex: Straight Women and Gay men Exchange Trustworthy Mating Advice.† Read MoreShould Gay Marriage Be Legal? Essay911 Words   |  4 PagesShould gay marriage be legal? Gay marriage should be legal because as woman and man, all individuals have the same right in society; because same-sex couples can constitute a good based family; because it is just a way to make official a common union nowadays, even with the religious issue; because it is not related to polygamy; and because love matters and it does not differ in nature according to the sex of its object or the person who experiences it. The first reason why same sex marriageRead MoreEssay Gay Marriage Should Be Legal889 Words   |  4 PagesOn June 26, 2015, the US Supreme Court ruled that the US Constitution guarantees the right for same-sex couples to marry. Should gay marriages really be allowed? Has the Supreme Court ruled in error? Gay marriage should be legal because all individuals have the same right in society; because same-sex couples can constitute a good based family; because it is just a way to make official a common union nowadays, even with the religious issue; because it is not related to polygamy; and because loveRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal1169 Words   |  5 PagesGay marriage should be legalized. Our civil rights and the Constitution give us many liberties. One of our civil liberties is the pursuit of happiness, which homosexual people are not allowed to chase. They cannot be married to the person they love and it violates their freedoms. According to professorshouse.com, â€Å"In Alaska, Nevada, Montana, Oregon, Utah, Nebraska, Missouri, Michigan, North Dakota, Ohio, Kentucky, Oklahoma, Kansas, Louisiana, Arkansas, Georgia, Mississippi, Texas, and Alabama, notRead MoreThe Gay Of Being A Gay1321 Words   |  6 Pages Being Gay in America Being a gay person in America is not nearly as difficult as it once once. There was a time at one point where homosexuality in the US was treated as taboo as many other social subjects such as criminality. However, times, beliefs, and perspectives have changed in the general populous. In 1996, only 27% of Americans polled by Gallop showed a positive stance on gay marriage, and homosexuality in general. By May of 2015, this percentage was nearly reverse, with only 37% of theRead More gay people Essay1223 Words   |  5 Pagesthe right and the freedom like what straight people have in this world. I think this topic is very controversial because in the U.S. Most homosexual people especially males, get discriminated because of what they feel: having attractiveness to their same sex. Most people in the U.S. are str8 and most people think that being gay or lesbian is wrong and it is not right to show it off and be proud of it. Another point why this topic is very controversial is when gay people marry each other. Many people

Ontological and Epistemological Assumptions

Question: Discuss about the Ontological and Epistemological Assumptions. Answer: Introduction The purpose of this assignment is to elucidate aspects of positive or scientific approach used for conducting accounting research. Addition to that, the study defines the major features that give rise to human behavior aligning with accounting settings (Crawford and Lepine 2013). The present segment augments presenting set of ontological and epistemological assumptions for conducting scientific research used for several feasible intellectual projects. Entire assignment takes into consideration the assumptions made but turns out to be wrong, absurd and illogical. Therefore, it has been noted that accounting was defensible and difficult in managing the aspects in the upcoming years. It is thereby important for understanding the level of progress as well as logics as required by using both types of research such as quantitative and qualitative (Wier, Stone and Hunton 2015). Synopsis of the article The name of the article taken for the assignment is Half a Defence of Positive Accounting Research (Dunmore 2011). This particular article clearly explains the auditing practices and recent current issues prevailing in the field of accounting. The extent to positive accounting theory had been analyzed by achieving the level of success aligning with model of natural sciences. Addition to that, Positive Accounting theory is one of the emergent theories that had been subject to most of the critics (Wier, Stone and Hunton 2015). On summarizing the article, it is found that choice theory perspective relates with PAT methodology at the time of difficulty. It is the point where theory gets replaced by older ones with a perspective in gaining higher predictive power. It is thereby necessary in developing a theory with high predictive power because standard theory is used at initial stages of development of a particular theory (Waymire 2014). The current article examines the positive or scientific approach concerning for positive accounting research (Palmer et al. 2014). This means it requires proper understanding of how best to make progress in due for Popper acquisitions by using both research methods such as quantitative methods and qualitative methods. This paper explains that qualitative researchers use several theories and not any kind of hypothesis that are tested as well as improved at any forms. These are purely observed through use of lens whereby observational findings can be easily viewed by the researchers. Quantitative researchers, on the other hand, takes into consideration logic of hypothesis testing as it is less rigorous in nature after comparing it with Popper prescription (Miller and Power 2013). Research Question Explain the prevailing concept of Positive Accounting Research? How Positive Accounting can make ways for enhancing causal relationships with human behavior? How Kuhn Description does enables normal science connecting with accounting research? Theoretical Framework As opined by Dunmore (2011), there is one empirical question that needs to be understood regarding comprehensive causal theories used for human behavior and bringing limitation with the application of theories. This reveals the fact where there has been research on extensive areas by considering situations where people concerns with interpretative research like study of human emotions. There are various empirical study concerning theories such as Positive, Ontology and epistemology after correlating with one other. Therefore, researchers make ways in observing the imperfections after presenting the social activities after constructing actions that needs to be independent in perfect form (Messier 2016). As rightly put forward by Dunmore (2011), some of the aspects that needs to be taken into consideration is the scientific research as it include data collection methods such as quantitative or qualitative. There are even some of the theories that suggest data accumulation after viewing at the induction after making proper assumptions. It is required in understanding the logic supporting some of the evidences because of Popper. This reveals the fact by making the testing predictions of innovative theories at the time of conducting observations in difficult situations. It is the situation where there are various old and new theories used for undertaking innovative predictions. Therefore, there has to be some of the fact governing from disproved theories and models at the same time (Macve 2015). As opined by Dunmore (2011), Popper makes the suggestions concerning emerging of new theories at the time of invention of observed irregularities as well as proved observations. This reveals the fact where there needs to be any inductive observations made especially in case of process that is purely creative and imaginative by making use of empirical data. It takes into consideration two theories in spite of single theory at the same time. Addition to that, it concerns with falsification of making inoperable assumptions arising from some of the theoretical predictions. Therefore, some of the theories are used for understanding the anomalous tracks especially of Pioneer 10 and 11 spacecraft (Khan et al. 2016). As rightly put forward by Dunmore (2011), it has been viewed that sciences gets influenced by unique scales especially from macro as well as mid-range activities in given condition. Addition to that, it help in testing the descriptions used for understanding the cause and effect relationships after making contribution of various accounting aspects. As far as qualitative positive research is concerned, it takes into consideration the qualitative sciences such as botany, geology and zoology as viewed from previous studies as the case of Darwin theory of evolution. There are some of the mistakes that are concerned with social sciences because it assumes aspects like positive and quantitative research in the positive course of action (Kaplan and Atkinson 2015). As opined by Dunmore (2011), some of the purpose are mentioned for understanding the aspects of qualitative positive research as given in the accounting literature. In other words, this means gathering of data that will properly guide in enhancing the preliminary actions at the time for conducting quantitative measurements. It requires sorting out ways after proper context of audit pricing research in the most appropriate way. The main purpose of the assignment has been in conducting regression analysis on how can an auditor conduct pricing in the audit report. It is essential in collecting information in form of data after determining the tender bid and differentiating the behavioral pattern. This can be done after presenting the strategies after taking audit partners after attaining high success rates at the time of winning with audit traders (Jindrichovska and Kubickova 2015). Therefore, most of the audit firms will conduct the essential regression equations. The main purpose of the paper is to examine the positive approach concerning with accounting research activities (Deegan 2013). Addition to that, Positive accounting research act as a wider part in governing the intellectual projects by conducting scientific research by augmenting causal and effect relationships. This reveals the fact that the article explains the streams of critical accounting research after falling from the arguments as mentioned in the topic. This majorly explains the setting of accounting aspects after understanding the real cause of human behavior in a given complex business organization. Therefore, the article clearly defines the advantages and limitations of positive accounting research after research on intellectual projects based on given ontological and epistemological assumptions at the same time (Crawford and Lepine 2013). Significance and Limitations of the article On critical analysis, it has been found that the present article is significant because it is a watered down version by Popper logic (Miller and Power 2013). In other words, this article helps in measuring the test statistics usage and gaining proper understanding at the same time. This help in bringing certainty of actions as well as comparing it with other concept of null hypothesis. There has been elimination found after viewing at the shift analysis that brought conventional significance by a positive threshold of p as 0.00001. This reveals the fact of re-attribution from real positive aspects at the time of accepting the statistical findings by keeping strong evident facts (Christensen, Nikolaev and Wittenberg?Moerman 2016). It is important to understand the fact where there are actual distinct motives behind replicating the previous studies like predicting whether original results augment within the sampling error (Bebbington, Unerman and O'Dwyer 2014). This reveals that exploration of limits help in understanding the application behind finding the previous research findings for making future study by the researcher. In this, it is understood that there are several significant factors used in the study that can align perfectly with the hypothesis testing. This means literature aspects constitute 5% or even less than 1% used for creation of no statistical issues of any types. It is necessary in evaluating the level f significance by bringing the misstated figures at the time of searching for regression specifications and publishing specifications as far as possible. It is recommended for the author in working diligently by taking into consideration the alternative proxies and other important functional f orms (Beattie 2014). This should take into consideration some of the econometric assumptions used for reporting the research attributes in an overall manner. Therefore, there are some of the significant data results that are either false or positive that needs to be compared after replacing the work (Miller and Power 2013). On analysis, some limitations are found out from the article that needs to be reduced by the researchers (Ball 2013). One of the limitations is the disappointing level of progress at the time of conducting the positive accounting research. This was done by making ways for implementing the ad hoc quantitative models after proper reduction methodologies. This was a negative effect and displayed negative sign of relationship connecting both the given variables. Addition to that, it has been found that elaborate models should be used for conducting the analytical research in well-designed form. There is one reliable way that will help in establishing better measurement of concepts used for previous studies after comparing re-invention for proper course of action (Christensen, Nikolaev and Wittenberg?Moerman 2016). This means reliable measures will help in proper auditing activities as it will give rise of high level of complexity at the time of making estimation for the given parameters from the previous studies. This article takes into consideration the testing process in case of theoretical aspects of accounting. Some of the measurement bases are mentioned in the article by explaining the resources used and other constraints for future analysis purpose (Jindrichovska and Kubickova 2015). There are various need for implementing extensive replication of activation after proper validation process at the time of hypothesis testing activities. It is essential to consider the fact where there is need for making a shift focusing on attributes for testing the hypothesis at the time of predicting the parameters used from previous studies (Jindrichovska and Kubickova 2015). This reveals understanding the level of confidence after proper intervals for making the comparison with the actual theoretical aspects from the previous studies. Addition to that, this study augments significant aspects starting from zero and then equalizing the level of confidence interval after gaining additional information. There is a proper need for data archival for making the measurement of certain vital concepts after testing the hypothesis theories (Christensen, Nikolaev and Wittenberg?Moerman 2016). Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be concluded by saying that the paper clearly takes into consideration the ontological and epistemological assumptions used for research purpose. Addition to that, it mainly enables understanding the current practices of accounting research used for operating the research programs in the most appropriate way. This reveals that the study undertakes some suggestions as given by researchers using quantitative method for researching the course of actions. It is further essential in implementing the appropriate theoretical models that needs to be specific and vulnerable at the same time used for detailed testing purpose. On analysis, it has been noted that a better measurement bases is essential that can be used for testing the theoretical models by the researchers. There are even several concepts that are needs to be applied by using proxies as well as interesting concepts by augmenting proper reliable relationships. There should be attention required fo r making the choice regarding present functional forms after maintaining linear relationships between the unique concepts found out by the researchers. Reference List Ball, R., 2013. Accounting informs investors and earnings management is rife: Two questionable beliefs.Accounting Horizons,27(4), pp.847-853. Beattie, V., 2014. Accounting narratives and the narrative turn in accounting research: Issues, theory, methodology, methods and a research framework.The British Accounting Review,46(2), pp.111-134. Bebbington, J., Unerman, J. and O'Dwyer, B., 2014.Sustainability accounting and accountability. Routledge. Christensen, H.B., Nikolaev, V.V. and Wittenberg?Moerman, R., 2016. Accounting information in financial contracting: The incomplete contract theory perspective.Journal of Accounting Research,54(2), pp.397-435. Crawford, E.R. and Lepine, J.A., 2013. A configural theory of team processes: Accounting for the structure of taskwork and teamwork.Academy of Management Review,38(1), pp.32-48. Deegan, C., 2013.Financial accounting theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Dunmore, P.V., 2011. Half a Defence of Positive Accounting Research. Available at SSRN 1955419. Jindrichovska, I. and Kubickova, D., 2015. Czech accounting academia and practice: historical roots and current issues.Accounting and Management Information Systems,14(2), pp.328-361. Kaplan, R.S. and Atkinson, A.A., 2015.Advanced management accounting. PHI Learning. Khan, T., Khan, T., Gray, R. and Gray, R., 2016. Accounting, identity, autopoiesis+ sustainability: A comment, development and expansion on Lawrence, Botes, Collins and Roper (2013).Meditari Accountancy Research,24(1), pp.36-55. Macve, R., 2015.A Conceptual Framework for Financial Accounting and Reporting: Vision, Tool, Or Threat?. Routledge. Messier Jr, W., 2016.Auditing assurance services: A systematic approach. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Miller, P. and Power, M., 2013. Accounting, organizing, and economizing: Connecting accounting research and organization theory.The Academy of Management Annals,7(1), pp.557-605. Palmer, P., Pournara, M., Espinosa, D.I. and Palmer, H., 2014. Decision making and the national intelligence model: No accounting for decision bias.Australasian Policing,6(2), p.2. Waymire, G.B., 2014. Neuroscience and ultimate causation in accounting research.The Accounting Review,89(6), pp.2011-2019. Wier, B., Stone, D.N. and Hunton, J.E., 2015. Retraction: Does Graduate Business Education Contribute to Professional Accounting Success?.Accounting Horizons,29(3), pp.745-745.

Systematic Reviews & Meta Analysis

Question: Systematic reviews Meta-analysis by Kim G Bae J-H. Answer: The following questions concern the systematic review meta-analysis by Kim G Bae J-H. Vitamin D and atopic dermatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrition 2016 [in press]. Please download this paper from the Assessment 2 folder and read it thoroughly. Question1 This systematic review and meta-analysis of 4 small RCTs examined the effects of vitamin D on atopic dermatitis (AD) symptoms and reported a pooled effect of 5.81 reduction [95% CI: -9.03 to -2.59] in the SCORAD index (see Fig 3). Based on this forest plot: Question 1.1 Which RCT was the largest? Identify the study by the author name and year of publication and the total sample size. (1 sentence) Answer: Camargo 2014, total sample size 104. Question 1.2 Which study contributed more heavily to the pooled effect size? Identify the study by the author name and year of publication and explain why. (2-3 sentences) Answer: Amestejani 2012, as its pooled effect weight was 43.5% Question 1.3 Given the level of statistical heterogeneity reported (50%) was the use of a random-effects model appropriate? (1 sentence) Answer: Yes, the use of random-effects model was appropriate in this case. Question 2 Which factors may have explained the relatively high levels of heterogeneity? List at least three based on the characteristics of the RCTs included in this meta-analysis (3 sentences). Answer: In eight studies, vitamin D was supplemented orally, whereas in one study the subjects were categorized into two groups based on their exposure to sun (subtropical or temperate). Seven studies used cholecalcifereol, one used ergocalciferol, whereas one looked at the effects of sun exposure. Patient and practitioner blinding or performance bias possibilities were low in six studies, unclear in two studies, unreported in one study. Question 3 Considering the sources of error, what is the main assumption of a random-effects model and how does it differ from that of a fixed-effect model? (2 sentences) Answer: In random-effects model, the eà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ects of the studies are assumed to be randomly distributed and the central point of this distribution is the focus of the combined (pooled) eà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ect estimate. In fixed-effect model, the assumption is that a single common (or à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ xed) eà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ect underlies every study in the meta-analysis.[1] Question 4 Based on your critical appraisal of the validity of the RCT by Amestejani et al to what extent do you accept the validity of the effects reported by this meta-analysis? Justify. (3 sentences). Answer: Except blinding of outcome risk bias and other bias, the validity of the effects reported by this meta-analysis is acceptable. Random sequence allocation, allocation concealment, blinding of participants and personnel, incomplete outcome data, and selective reporting all have Low risk of bias. Blinding of outcome assessment has Unclear risk of bias due to insufficient information to permit judgement of Low risk or High risk and the study did not address this outcome. Other bias also has High risk of bias as longitudinal studies with different doses of vitamin D would be better suited to address this issue. Large cohort studies and clinical trials with more sample size also warrant better assessment of this issue. Question 5 Considering the range of the SCORAD index (investigate this), the main outcome of the meta-analysis, how do you deem the clinical relevance of the pooled effect? (3 sentences) Answer: Out of the nine studies, only five studies considered SCORAD index as their main outcome. Since rest four studies used different parameters as the main outcome, considering the range of the SCORAD index as the main outcome of the meta-analysis would not be a justified pooled effect clinically. Question 6 In the discussion section of the meta-analysis by Kim Bae the authors mention that dietary factors may affect AD (2014). Specifically they mentioned that according to a meta-analysis of the six RCTs of infants, the combined risk ratio of the prevalence of AD associated with probiotics was lower compared to placebo (note that prevalence of AD is not an appropriate term for the outcome in the context of RCTs). That aside, the pooled risk ratio (RR) reported in this meta-analysis was 0.86 (0.77 to 0.96). Considering this effect size, calculate the number needed to treat for patients with a baseline AD risk of 15% (show the details of your calculations). References Perera Heneghan. EBM 2008; 13(3):96-9.